history of theatre :: essays research papers fc

History exists only when it is made by the historian. (Vince, 65). According to R.W. Vince, it is very easy for researchers to get bewildered between situation and interpretation when rolling subject field history. Even when scholars uncover identical pieces of information, they may distributively sustain their own personal explanations as to why these facts exist. In turn, readers must form critical analysis when perusing scholars research and not fall into the trap of viewing history from the authors perspective. Personally, I deliberate Leslie construes chapter on the Beginnings of Theatre in Africa and the Americas is both fact-oriented and assumption-oriented, and must be scrutinized from many angles.In the first part of the chapter, Read describes Egyptian theatre festivals dating from 2600BC onward. The documented festivals were found on paper plant excavated in 1896. Each scene in this production notebook consists of an account of an action, a mythological explan ation, a short dialogue involving two or more characters, together with directions concerning subsidiary subroutines, the inclusion of song or dance (Read, 94) This ancient document is an actual figure of the Egyptians performances and helps to explain their festivals. From these papyrus designs, Read concludes, Every symbol, gesture, sound and embodiment seems shaped to trigger a chain of significations in the onlooker, so that each episode compacts and resonates with overlap assumptions continuity and coherence depend on the network of social, religious and political relations which ar articulated and sustained, even taught, by these festival enactments. (95) After studying the Egyptian theatrical texts, Read draws conclusions about the messages and meanings the performers were trying to convey. In accordance with Vinces perspective, I believe that another historian could have studied the papyrus scenes and drawn a different conclusion as to the purpose of the Egyptian festiva ls. Perhaps by examining the documents, conclusions could have been made about the role of children or the magnificence of a strong work ethic. The point is that the document consisted solely of drawings and short dialogues between performers. There are limited facts available, and speculation is postulate to complete the picture. The facts are but dots on the page, and Read connected those dots by providing possible explanations as to why these events occurred. Although these may be the correct inferences, after nurture Vinces article, I realize that this is not the only explanation.After I re-read Read, I noticed that the facts about Egyptian festivals that took place over 1000 historic period were treated as one piece of evidence.history of theatre essays research papers fc History exists only when it is made by the historian. (Vince, 65). According to R.W. Vince, it is very easy for researchers to get lost between fact and interpretation when documenting theatre history. Even when scholars uncover identical pieces of information, they may each have their own personal explanations as to why these facts exist. In turn, readers must exercise critical analysis when studying scholars research and not fall into the trap of viewing history from the authors perspective. Personally, I believe Leslie Reads chapter on the Beginnings of Theatre in Africa and the Americas is both fact-oriented and assumption-oriented, and must be scrutinized from many angles.In the first part of the chapter, Read describes Egyptian theatre festivals dating from 2600BC onward. The documented festivals were found on papyrus excavated in 1896. Each scene in this production notebook consists of an account of an action, a mythological explanation, a short dialogue involving two or more characters, together with directions concerning subsidiary roles, the inclusion of song or dance (Read, 94) This ancient document is an actual record of the Egyptians performances and helps to explain their festivals. From these papyrus designs, Read concludes, Every symbol, gesture, sound and embodiment seems shaped to trigger a chain of significations in the onlooker, so that each episode compacts and resonates with shared assumptions continuity and coherence depend on the network of social, religious and political relations which are articulated and sustained, even taught, by these festival enactments. (95) After studying the Egyptian theatrical texts, Read draws conclusions about the messages and meanings the performers were trying to convey. In accordance with Vinces perspective, I believe that another historian could have studied the papyrus scenes and drawn a different conclusion as to the purpose of the Egyptian festivals. Perhaps by examining the documents, conclusions could have been made about the role of children or the importance of a strong work ethic. The point is that the document consisted solely of drawings and short dialogues between performers. There are limi ted facts available, and speculation is needed to complete the picture. The facts are but dots on the page, and Read connected those dots by providing possible explanations as to why these events occurred. Although these may be the correct inferences, after reading Vinces article, I realize that this is not the only explanation.After I re-read Read, I noticed that the facts about Egyptian festivals that took place over 1000 years were treated as one piece of evidence.

Animal Farm vs. The Godfather :: compare contrast

Animal Farm vs. The Godfather George Orwell and Mario Puzo wrote Animal Farm and The Godfather (from the prevail The Godfather), respectively, to express their disillusionment with society and human nature. Animal Farm, written in 1944, is a book that tells the animal fable of a farm in which the farm animals revolt against their human masters. It is an example of social criticism in literature in which Orwell satirized the events in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. He anthropomorphizes the animals, and eludes each one to a counter part in Russian history. The movie The Godfather, directed by Francis Ford Coppula, also typifies this kind of literature. Besides the central theme of mob life, is an separate prevalent theme, that of a revolution gone bad. He shows us that, unfortunately, human nature causes us to be vengeful and, for some of us, overly ambitious. Both of these works are similar in that both describe how, even with the outgo of intentions, our ambitions g et the best of us. Both of the authors also demonstrate that violence and the Machiavellian attitude of the ends justifying the means are deplorable.George Orwell wrote Animal Farm, to discredit the Soviet system by showing its atrocity and its back-sliding from ideals he valued (Gardner, 106) Orwell noted, there exists in England almost no literature of disillusionment with the Soviet Union. Instead, that country is viewed either with ignorant disapproval or with uncritical admiration. (Orwell, 10) The other animals take this utopian idea to heart, and one day actually do revolt and drive the humans out. Two pigs emerge as leaders nap and Snowball. They constantly argued, but one day, due to a difference over plans to build a windmill, Napoleon exiled Snowball. Almost immediately, Napoleon established a undemocratic government. Soon, the pigs began to get special favors, until finally, they were indistinguishable from humans to the other animals. Immediately the reader can begi n to draw parallels between the books characters and the government in 1914-1944 Russia. For example, Old Major, who invented the idea of animalism, is seen as representing Karl Marx, the creator of communism. Snowball represents Trotksy, a Russian leader after the revolution. He was driven out by Napoleon, who represents Stalin, the most omnipotent figure in the country. Napoleon then proceeded to remove the freedoms of the animals, and established a dictatorship, under the public veil of animalism.

A Performance Including Education :: Drama

This task was to include education in a murder to be shown to primary school children. This performance needed to reflect on issues silent by children of this age and to be clear and straight forward while explaining the message.Three weeks ago we were set an denomination to last until now.This task was to include education in a performance to be shown toprimary school children. This performance needed to reflect on issuesunderstood by children of this age and to be clear and straightforward while explaining the message.My first reaction when I heard of this task was one of excitement andanxiety. I knew this assignment would be challenging which made mevery eager to start as soon as possible. However I was worried as Iknew that all ideas would have to be adapted for the age group andthat there would be censorship issues.There were many ideas put in to a interchange on the first day of thetask. Within our group these were our main ideas-Abuse, drugs,smoking, trust issues & bullyin g. However we knew most of these ideaswere not compatible for the age group of the audience so we narrowedit down to three main ideas-smoking, trust issues & bullying. We knewthat whatever idea we used we would have to make it humorous to allowthe children to enjoy themselves. We also had any(prenominal) ideas on how toportray these ideas allowing the audience to understand and enjoy thehumour. These ideas were- Men In Black(spoof), Batman(spoof) & Spider bloomers (original character made from typical superhero names andcharacter).During the rehearsals we went through the several(predicate) ideas and at firstwe decided to act out bullying through peer pressure however when weperformed this to the group we found that it was very boring which wasnot what we were aiming for. So we then changed to trust issues usingspider pants (we could not use men in black as we found out it hadalready been done previously we also could not do batman due to thecostumes and props needed to make it re alistic),However we were unableto carry out our idea of spider pants due to the unfortunate absentsby myself and another person in the group & so when we performed thisit did not come out right. We then eventually changed to a athletics aboutkidnappers. This entailed the theme of trust issues and was comical.It was not only the ideas that would not work though, we soon foundthat some members of our group were not prepared to work to the finis

Determining if Bagasse Contributes to Belize Electricity Resource :: Renewable Energy Environment Essays Papers

Determining if Bagasse Contributes to Belize Electricity ResourceGraphics Missing Boyle states that Bioenergy is the general term for energy derived from materials much(prenominal) as wood, straw, or animal waste, which were once living material(p 106). The energy stored in a living organism even when its dead is know as biofuel. This fuel is capable of producing energy. A biomass used for creating bioenergy in Belize is bagasse. The bagasse that is produced in Belize is created by the Belize Sugar Industries. Agriculture is the backbone of the Belizean economy, and one of the most important crops is kale cane. In 1994 there were 2,165 cane farmers cultivating refined sugar cane in Belize, most in small farms in the Orange Walk and Corozal districts. This paper provides the reader with a brief insight on the sources of Belizes electrical energy. Boyle states that Increased recovery of wastes, combined with improved efficiency of conversion to electricity, could result in up to fifty GW of generating cogency from the sugar industry world wide (p 119). Bagasse is the biomass remaining after sugar cane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. It is made up of fifty portion of fiber, forty-eight percent moisture, and two percent of sugar. The web encyclopedia states that a sugar factory produces nearly thirty percent of bagasse out of its total crushing (Wikipedia.org). Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills, when burned in quantity it produces sufficient heat energy to tack all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare. Boyle states The total energy content of the annual residues of the worlds two main crops, sugar and rice, is estimated as about 18Ej- similar to the total for temperate crops (p 119). In Belize sugar cane and rice are two of the crops that produce capital for the country. However, Belize is still having a problem supplying its residents with a steady flow of electricity. The electrica l power receive goes on an off from time to time. During the dry season Mexico supplies more than fifty percent of Belizes electricity (Belize Electricity Limited). The rest of the electricity is produces through diesel generators and the dams. The dams supplies should produce about thirty percent of the electricity needed. When Mexico is in need of electricity they cut the electricity that they sell Belize and use it.

Critique Of Vote.Com By Dick Morris :: essays research papers

Critique of Vote.ComBy Dick MorrisBeing required to read records is non constantly something you look out front to in a class. Actually its probably one the worst things you dread. Especially this assignment, I was honestly not looking forward to anything about this book when I was preparing to read it. And though the premise of the book is actually very relevant in todays day in age, I still felt like the randomness just could not be that important to me personally. Even after reading the introduction I could not have been less interested in the book than before I began reading it. But then as I began to get into the meat of the book I found myself beginning to see how this book was about me. It is about the generation in which I was born and a generation in which the net income will forever change. In the following paragraphs I would like to share my thoughts about particular chapters in the book in which I found the well-nigh and least intriguing. While reading the book I did find many points on which I found myself agreeing with, but I also did come to statements that were not so easy to support. And these points will be the focus of my paper.The first chapter that I really found myself getting into and finding myself in total agreement with was chapter seven, race To Win The Fifth Estate. Morriss basis for this chapter, and reasoning behind it is right on target. As our world evolves, so does the means of communication. As a faster more technically advanced Internet replaces television, people that have relied on television as their main means of communication will be rudely awakened to find they have much to learn about Internet campaigning. The first section speaks about the way in which network campaigning will be completely different from traditional campaigning because it is entirely voluntary. Instead of politicians counting on the fact that we will be academic session in front of the television every night, they will have to design politi cal messages that actually contain intelligent political thought. The way we have been take feed campaign messages through television commercials will no longer be a choice. No, we will now have the choice to find which information we want to read and which we choose not to. A whole new way to campaign will have to be brought into use.

Critique Of Vote.Com By Dick Morris :: essays research papers

Critique of Vote.ComBy Dick MorrisBeing required to read obtains is not always something you look forward to in a class. very its probably one the worst things you dread. Especially this assignment, I was honestly not looking forward to anything about this record book when I was preparing to read it. And though the premise of the book is actually very relevant in todays day in age, I still felt like the selective information just could not be that important to me personally. Even after reading the introduction I could not have been less interested in the book than before I began reading it. But then as I began to get into the meat of the book I found myself beginning to see how this book was about me. It is about the generation in which I was born and a generation in which the meshing bequeath forever change. In the following paragraphs I would like to share my thoughts about particular chapters in the book in which I found the most and least intriguing. While reading the book I did find many points on which I found myself agreeing with, but I also did come to statements that were not so easy to support. And these points bequeath be the focus of my paper.The first chapter that I really found myself getting into and finding myself in total agreement with was chapter seven, Campaigning To Win The Fifth Estate. Morriss base of operations for this chapter, and reasoning behind it is right on target. As our world evolves, so does the means of communication. As a faster more technically advanced Internet replaces television, people that have relied on television as their main means of communication will be rudely awakened to find they have more than to learn about Internet campaigning. The first section speaks about the way in which internet campaigning will be completely divergent from traditional campaigning because it is entirely voluntary. Instead of politicians counting on the fact that we will be sitting in front of the television every night, they will have to design political messages that actually contain intelligent political thought. The way we have been spoon feed campaign messages through television commercials will no longer be a choice. No, we will now have the choice to find which information we want to read and which we choose not to. A whole new way to campaign will have to be brought into use.

Alternative Learning System Essay

IntroductionThe Alternative study formation or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a parallel learning system that provides a viable alternative to the quick formal education instruction (Guerrero, 2007, p. 2). It is a broadcast by the Department of Education (DepEd), through its Bureau of Alternative larn System that helps disabled people, cultural minority members, out-of-school youth, former inmates and/or rebels, industry-based workers, and others who cannot afford or missed the opportunity to go through formal dim-witted and secondary schooling.It was first called Non-Formal Education when it began in 1984. Its main focus back then was to help its students acquire technical skills that they can use for livelihood. Its focus alter after its name was changed into Alternative Learning System in 2004. It now includes literacy classes that argon aimed at eventually offering elementary and high school diplomas to students who move over the same above-mentioned backgrounds.Legal F oundationsThe source of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis educational system can be traced to the basic andfundamental law of the land. The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides for a free and compulsory elementary education and free secondary education through DepEd. Also, the Governance of the Basic Education Act of 2001, which is excessively known as Republic Act No. 9155, dictates that it is the primordial duty of the State, through DepEd to promote and protect the right of the citizens to quality education and shall initiate steps to ensure the approachability of education to all.Among many of its provisions, this law recognizes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a complement of formal education and a major component of basic education with a clearly defined role within the overall educational goals (Guerrero, 2007, p. 9). The Executive Order 356 of 2004 renamed DepEds Bureau of Non-Formal Education to the Bureau of Alternative Learning System (Bamyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Not only does this Order repeat the bureaus mandate to address the learning needs of marginalized bookmans, but it also directs BALS to provide a organized and flexible approach to reach all types of learners outside the school system.In the 80s, the global community launched a campaign called Education for All (EFA) that aimed to reverse analphabetism and promote functional literacy for all peoples of the world by the year 2015. The Philippines was a signatory to this and as such, empowerted to providing education for all Filipinos and resulted to the formulation and espousal of the Philippine EFA 2015. The goal is to have in place a credible ALS that will increase functional literacy among the marginalized groups of learners.The country also affirmed its allegiance in reducing poverty and any form of human deprivation as outlined in the United Nations millenary Development Goals (MDG), which is also aimed to be attained by the year 2015. DepEd is primarily tasked to implemen t the 2nd major goal of the MDG which is to achieve universal education. In summary, the EFA plan for 2015 distributes urgent tasks that will give-up the ghost DepEd in fulfilling the spirit of RA 9155 and EO 356, and ultimately the vision of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It embodies the various programs, projects, and activities necessary to achieve the goal of quality ALS for all marginalized Filipino learners. ALS in Cagayan de Oro CityDepEd, in close coordination with the metropolis government of Cagayan de Oro,implemented the program of ALS in the city and aims to attain the indicators and goals of Education for All (EFA) 2015 and of the UN Millennium Development Goals. Since 2007, the city government, as part of its implementation strategy, has been conducting advocacy socialization and mobilization in all its Barangays through the ALS Coordinators in order to get back the number of out-of-school youth, uninstructeds, and school leavers. Massive information campaigns we re conducted. Consultations and meetings were also initiated discussing the importance and benefits that may be derived from the literacy program by focusing on the empowerment of the learner and of his/her potentials towards personal growth as he/she participates in the development of his/her community.As a beneficiary of technical assistance from World Bank through the federation of Cities of the Philippines (LCP), the city government has formulated its own City Development Strategy (CDS), which serves as the guide in implementing its variousprograms and projects. The ALS ranked third among the overhaul priority programs and projects reflected in the CDS.Various City Ordinances, Resolutions, Executive Orders and others were passed and issued to support the implementation of ALS. Through the Local School Board (LSB), all the Barangays in Cagayan de Oro City are major stakeholders supporting the various local departments and offices assigned by law to attain the goals of the progr am.The local Special Education Fund (SEF) and other available resources of the city government provides certain appropriation to support the program through the construction of training venues, the salaries of the employees, coordinators and teachers, acquisition of equipments and supplies, and others. The ALS program was implemented in the 57 urbanise and 23 rural Barangays in Cagayan de Oro City since 2007. Of the Barangays covered, the program faced some problems especially in the 11 hinterland Barangays of the 1 st Congressional District of Cagayan de Oro City. These Barangays are agricultural areas and have a relatively higher incidence of poverty and unemployment. These are Pagalungan, Tagpangi, Taglimao, Tuburan, Pigsag-an, Tumpagon, Bayanga, Mambuaya, Dansolihon, Tignapoloan and Besigan. These are the areas we arefocusing on in our P.P.B.S. paper and presentation.The worryThe ALS in our paper is meant to reduce the illiteracy rate in the said localities by providing an alt ernative avenue for achieving a high school alike diploma among the illiterate adult population through its existing adult specific curriculum. We are doing this by introducing our own incentive program.The adverse issues confronting the implementation of the program in the fringe Barangays of Cagayan De Oro are the low rate of participation among the illiterate adult population and the low level of survival and/or retention among those who favour to participate. Rough estimates in the concerned areas indicate very low participation in the ALS program. Of those who avail of it, only very few actually commit to graduate. Insofar as the goal of attaining the highest participation among the total number ofpotential beneficiaries is concerned, the ALS program translates into a dismal percentage of the estimated success rate.On close-hauled assessment, the identified causes for this mediocre success rate appear to be the lack of incentives to avail of or sustain participation to the A LS program due to stinting constraints. These constraints are characterized as follows 1) Participation in ALS education implies unacceptable daily income loses among potential participants. In the fringe hinterland localities where incomes are hardly satisfactory to meet minimum daily alive cost, participation during school days will mean abdicating daily incomes needed to insure the provision of basic living needs like the days food supply.2) ALS Participation also implies incurring added education related costs. While enrolment, facilities and learning materials are free, drop dead costs and other miscellaneous allowances are required to insure that participants are physically present and whos mental and health dispositions are conducive to learning. Sustaining these costs for repeated learning sessions are often enough to deter potential participants.Scope and Limitation of the PaperThere is a wide choice of perspectives and draw of levels to approach ALS as a topic. In this paper, the existing ALS program we are attempting to improve using our version of the same are the avocation eleven hinterland fringe Barangays in the 1st Congressional District of Cagayan de Oro City Pagalungan, Tagpangi, Taglimao, Tuburan, Pigsag-an, Tumpagon, Bayanga, Mambuaya, Dansolihon, Tignapoloan and Besigan. Our focus customers here are the resident adults (18 years old and above) in the said areas.The ALS Assessment and Evaluation phase, Accreditation and Equivalency processes (ALS A & E), livelihood programs, and its curriculum are only part of the paper as an assumption that they are there, go as they should. Because our topic is not focused on them, they are not discussed here. And of course we think they are very important since we are drawing our strategies from the existing overall mechanism of how the ALS program works. We are asking the questions, Howdo we increase the participants and make them commit to actually finish the program? and How do we do those empl oyed or volunteered directly in the ALS program to participate and meet their objectives? These are the concerns that this group is attempting to pick out.Figure 1 shows the Strategic Framework of the proposed ALS fillip Program.The focus of our P.P.B.S. is to add a set of incentives to continually help improve the mechanisms that operate ALS. The Planning, Programming, and Budgeting are at work separately along this framework. It is our impulse that this model will cascade smoothly to our target learners.VisionSubstantial reduction of illiteracy among adults in the fringe Barangays of Cagayan de Oro City through the Alternative Learning System and where human dignity is restored thereby resulting to personal growth and community development.MissionTo improve the ALSs participation and completion rate among the illiterate adult population in the concerned areas of Cagayan de Oro City through the participation incentive program.Figure 2 shows the S.W.O.T. compendium for the propo sed ALS Incentive Program.The programs Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats will help clarify the present situation and strategies that can be developed out from them, and will determine the salient indicators of success, the abilities of the program managers and stakeholders and the available skills and resources. The S.W.O.T. Analysis conducted is grounded on knowing Where the program is now? and in identifying What are the strategies needed to attain its goals? The Strengths and Weaknesses are inside factors within the control of those involved in the ALS organization (inside environment).Theyare Strategy, Structure, System, Staff, Skills, Style, and Shared values. On the other hand, Opportunities and Threats are outside influences that impact the ALS organizationS and O are strategies that should be executed, stipulation that the Strengths and Opportunities are there. W and O asks the question, How can we use our Opportunities to start-off or even reverse our Weakn esses? S and T asks the question How can we use our Strengths to offset or even reverse our Threats? W and T is the combination of Weaknesses and Threats. It shows that they are part of the organizations identity since no organization is perfect. Because these factors cannot be fixed, it contains strategies that manage or minimize the damage caused by them.Figure 3 shows the organizational structure of the proposed ALS Incentive Program.Figure 4 shows the Strategy Map of the proposed ALS Incentive Program.The objectives shown in the map have a causal relationship as traced by arrows along each of the different functions in the ALS Incentive Program, namely Financial Perspective, Learning and Growth, Internal Process, and Client Perspective. As you can see, the goals here are Increase Participation, Increase Completion, and Decrease Illiteracy.And each of these is supported by our proposed incentives. The Balanced card in Figure 5 below will elaborate on the different incentives men tioned in this paper so far. It will also describe how the objectives from different functions in the ALS Incentive Program can be achieved by concentrating on and satisfying its three parts Measures, Targets, and Initiatives. The Balanced Scorecard will be a helpful guide in carrying out the functions of each member of ALS in helping themselves and their learners keep motivated and be on track towards achieving their goals.ConclusionWhile this group acknowledges the current efforts made by the LGUs, DepEd, BALS, and ALS in their cooperation and hardwork, the daily operations to help reduce illiteracy in the involved barangays is still far from what they should be. Our emphasis here, as already mentioned, is the introduction and proper management of an incentive program in the ALS program. As what we have presented, we believe this would optimize the operations in each stepand level of the program. And thus, in the long run, the reduction and even total elimination of illiteracy is then achieved. It is our hope that this P.P.B.S. be part of the many considerations that may help the functions of the current ALS program.

Milk Adulteration

Executive Summary on National Survey on Milk alloy The National Survey on Milk Adulteration 2011 (snap shot survey) was conducted by the intellectual nourishment Safety and Standards Authority of India to ascertain the quality of milk and spot different type of adulteration in the liquid milk throughout the country.The survey was carried out by the Regional Offices of the FSSAI located at Chennai (Southern Region), Mumbai (Western Region), Delhi (Northern Region), Guwahati, (North Eastern Region) and Kolkata (Eastern Region) with the following objectives 1. To identify the super C adulterants in milk in rural and urban areas of different states. 2. To find out the non conforming exemplifications in loose and packed milk.The samples were collected arbitrarily and analysed from 33 states namely Andhra Pradesh (75), Arunachal Pradesh (25), Assam (109), Bihar (75), Chhattisgarh (19), Chandigarh (25), Delhi (71), Dadra & Nagar Haveli (12), Daman & Diu (25), Goa (24), Gujarat (100), Haryana (109), Himachal Pradesh (27), Jammu & Kashmir (18), Jharkhand (25), Karnataka (51), Kerala (50), Madhya Pradesh (61), Maharashtra (126), Manipur (25), Meghalaya (26), Mizoram (25), Nagaland (22), Orissa (50), Puducherry (25), Punjab (109), Rajasthan (103), Sikkim (18), Tamil Nadu (74), Tripura (25), Uttarakhand (26), Uttar Pradesh (136), West Bengal (100) totalling to a sample size of 1791. The samples were sent to the govt. aboratories namely, Department of Food and Drug testing, Government of Puducherry, Central Food Laboratory, Pune, Food Reasearch and Standardisation Laboratory, Ghaziabad, State Public Health Laboratory, Guwahati and Central Food Laboratory, Kolkata for analysis. The following parameters were analysed such as Fat (%), SNF (%), Neutralizers, Acidity, Hydrogen Peroxide, Sugar, Starch, Glucose, Urea, Salt, Detergent, Skimmed milk powder, and Vegetable full-bodied to ascertain the presence of adulterant. The total conforming samples to the FSSA standards w ere 565 (31. 5%). The total non-conforming samples were found to be 1226 (68. 4%). The non-conformity of samples in rural areas were 381(31%) out of which 64 (16. 7%) were tract samples and 317 (83. 2%) were loose samples respectively and in urban area the total non confirming samples were 845 (68. 9%) out of which 282 (33. %) were packed and 563 (66. 6%) were loose samples. The deviations were found highest on account of Fat and SNF content in 574 samples (46. 8%) of the total nonconformity, which includes 147 samples with detergent and two samples with neutralizers respectively. Detergent was also found in 103 samples (8. 4%). Perhaps the campaign may be dilution of milk with water. The second highest parameter of non conformity was the Skim Milk Powder (SMP) in 548 samples (44. 69%) which includes presence of glucose in 477 samples. Glucose would have been added to milk probably to enhance SNF. The presence of Skim Milk Powder indicates the reconstitution of milk powder.The non -conforming sample in the descending order of percentage with respect to the total sample collected in different states were as follows Bihar (100%), Chhattisgarh (100%), Daman and Diu (100%), Jharkhand (100%), Orissa (100%), West Bengal (100%), Mizoram ( 00%), Manipur (96%), Meghalaya (96%), Tripura (92%), Gujarat (89%), Sikkim (89%), Uttrakhand (88%), Uttar Pradesh (88%), Nagaland (86%), Jammu & Kashmir (83%), Punjab (81%), Rajasthan (76%) Delhi (70%), Haryana (70%), Arunachal Pradesh (68%), Maharashtra (65%), Himachal Pradesh (59%), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (58%), Assam (55%), Chandigarh (48%), Madhya Pradesh (48%), Kerala (28%), Karnataka (22%), Tamil Nadu (12%), and Andhra Pradesh (6. 7%).All the samples in Goa and Puducherry conformed to the standards. Conclusion (1) The study indicates that addition of water to milk is most common adulterant. Addition of water not only reduces the nutritional value of milk but contaminated water may also pose health put on the line to the cons umers. (2) It also shows that powdered milk is reconstituted to meet the demand of milk supply. All state /UT enforcement authorities may specifically check whether the declaration of hot FSSAI rules is being complied to. (3) The study also indicated the presence of detergent in some cases. Consumption of milk with detergent may cause health hazards and indicates lack of hygiene and sanitation in the milk handling.

Discuss the Roles of Language and Reason in History Essay

History as the ara of knowledge is virtually indivisible from lecture and reasoning. Language is one and only(a) of the well-nigh steadfast means of interpreting and reporting historical information that is derived from the sources clever to the events and occurrences. The sources themselves, in their turn, are frequently presented by the written documents, recorded anecdotal experiences, and kit and boodle of art, archeology, anthropology and photography which, yet again, are interpreted through the language in conjunction with the context of a historical event. It appears to be an endless loop, where language is the of import and omega, the main vehicle of conveying history. However, to draw in to the valid interpretation of a certain historical event or development, historians frequently use reasoning to pertain the factual data of the tangible sources since the latter ones often come in the form of fragments, related to a particular aspect of the happening.Ideally, rea soning, applied to the interpretation of historical data, should be impersonal, unaffected by predominant views and opinions and completely untainted by political agenda. Yet, it is hard to imagine that throughout the centuries those who held power would willingly allow the contemporary historians relate to the masses the adequate information on the details of their governing techniques and actions. As Winston Churchill pointed out, History will be kind to me for I intend to pen it. Therefore, it is up to an individual to interpret the language, deduce information through applying reasoning, incorporate other areas of knowledge such as science, sociology, psychology and arrive to conclusions in attempts to clasp historical developments in followingion.It is important to point out that we frequently perceive historical events as they are presented by those who hold some form of berth the individuals whom we refer to as experts or the mass media and research bodies who are entrust ed with the responsibility to convey information to masses. And here comes the essential aspect the validity of the statements and projections made by the mentioned authorities. In other words, in search for the truthful perspective of a historical event one needs to remember about the language that is utilize for such interpretations, the language of power. Truth in history is a dubious concept since any event which involves certain outcomes would be interpreted by a number of experts. The outcomes of the events be it revolutions, wars, or reigns of monarchs and are usually appear in form of facts toppling of governments, changes in ideologies and laws that societies are to adhere to, development or stagnation of the deliverance in a given country.These are the facts that are presented in the form of explanations, commentaries, and justifications. And here the language of power qualification play the crucial role in the way this information is to be perceived. To distinguish the motives behind the language that is used for presenting the event, one needs to look for other sources that interpret the same development, but from a different angle. For instance, the attack on the World Trade Center, New York City, in 2001 is vastly believed to be executed by the group of terrorists known as Al-Qaeda, and thence perceived as the terrorist attack. The mass media of the entire world presented the fact that over 2,700 people perished during the atrocious bombing which involved the hijacked airplanes driven into both towers which collapsed deep down a short period of time.However, the independent sources point at the undeniable facts that the World Trade Center towers were designed to take the impact of the Boeing 707 hitting the structure at any location (Les Robertson, WTC Structural Engineer) and could sustain multiple impacts of jetliners (Frank A. Demartini, Manager of WTC Construction) and still survive (Aaron Swirsky, WTC Architect)1. Other sources, such a s a scientific research conducted by Dr Steven Johns, Professor of Physics, BYU, state that the way the buildings collapsed precisely follows the scenario of a controlled demolition. Here, historical event calls for the help of reasoning, which can raise throw out questions to authorities that put the entire responsibility on the Al-Qaeda. The more scientific and factual evidence emerges from the research, the more controversial this event seems to be.But it is for an individual to arrive to a conclusion provided he or she is concerned with the issue. However, the prevailing opinion that was projected into the minds of the public by mass media remains adamant the terrorist group dealt a tremendous blow to the democracy of the United States and must pay for it. Hence, there is a to the full justifiable war with Iraq, the country which has a doubtful association with Al-Qaeda, apart from the fact that it is run by a dictator and constitutes a predominantly Muslim society. But the n on-Muslim world has already been contaminated by the terror of Muslims who seem to be nearly synonymous with terrorists. Thus, crowds have come, to acquire a profound antipathy for the images evoked by certain words2 and fully accepted the justification for the war in Iraq.Reasoning is an indispensable tool for those who wish to form a personal opinion on historical events which are presented through language. Yet this process entails searching for the information from the alternative sources. Language is used as a powerful vehicle in creating certain views among various groups of societies, and such language is frequently applied by those who are concerned with power. History is abound with examples in which governing bodies used language to impose political orientation and ensure that the masses are entirely convinced in the righteousness of such propaganda the Soviet Union, China and socialism, Germany and Nazism, the United States and democracy. However, upon a simple applic ation of reasoning, a series of questions arise how a nation that was claimed to be fed by pure ideology could exist for more than 75 years and build one of the most successful, self-sustaining industries and sciences that are still recognized, though grudgingly, throughout the entire capitalistic world?How could a nation develop such a potent economy that is still burgeoning while the other one is desperately trying to recover from the economic meltdown that has affected nearly the entire world? What could give rise a nation believe a mentally ill person3 and empower it to conquer the entire Europe? It is indubitable that the language of power and the power of language were effectively used by the leaders of those nations. However, it is reasoning that can help an independent researcher or a concerned individual in the quest of constructing a clear picture on what forces were involved in such profound changes on such vast scales.Of course, it is nave to presume that reasoning mer ely might provide clarifications to the historical events under scrutiny. Reasoning in history is a second step in interpreting historical developments after pertinent to them materials were selected and carefully studied. These materials would include evidence from various fields and areas of knowledge, and the greater the scope of those areas, the more comprehensible and significant the features of events would emerge before the eyes of the researcher. Language might play the roles of obscuring the conditions and implications of historical events yet the same language might be used in explaining the factors that led to the consequences produced by those events. However, it is the effort in applying reasoning and logical system that would eventually create an unobstructed perspective on the historical developments and occurrences in question.References and works cited1. Joseph, Peter. 2007. Zeitgeist. Online. Accessed Dec 21, 2010. www.zeitgeistmovie.com.2. Le Bon, Gustave. 1841-19 31. The Crowd A study of the Popular Mind. 1841-1931. variant Psychologie des foules. Cherokee Publishing Company. Atlanta, Georgia. 1982. Pg. 1003. The International Campaign for Real History. Hitlers Last Illness. Online. Accessed Dec 23, 2010. www.fpp.co.uk/Hitler/docs/Parkinsonism/VancouverSun170599.html

What is a relationship

Reid with severally other to. Hat makes this relationship special is we bond together and we treat severally other nicely and are not mocking to one another-well crystal is special to me is she doesnt brag about things and she doesnt cry over dumb things and shes kind to one another. Crystal and recognized the relationship is when we started talking to each other a lot. Let all started back in the day 2011,we were at a party and I was eating food like everyday and than saw her sitting down and I talked to her than we started to talk for a few than we have been friends since than.My relationship with this person is great ,we still hang out with each other and eating food, watching movies like usual. How feel about the relationship now? Is good like said we chill,eat,movies than more eating. What this relationship means to me is were full normal citizenry , eating food with my best friend and its great nice to each other. I learned thru this relationship is were not always goanna be with each other even thou we live 1 house down and not to be disrespectful. This experience will help me with other people is dont judge a book by its cover like just be nice to one another.

Pakistan

Pakistan was the rich and a developing country which had valuable indwelling resources in the past. Pakistan was cognize for its rich agriculture and human resources helped Pakistan to grow in every field. Through agriculture, Pakistan gained its economical power and enjoyed by having plenty of resources.People did non have much education so they kept on working in agriculture. Pakistani people were hard working and saw success in every field. Since the partition of Pakistan and India they kept on having some conflicts between them. In Pakistan Muslims, Christians and Hindus were living peacefully.Pakistan is known for its cultural norms because they strictly followed what the Kuran says and those who failed to follow will not be considered as Muslims. In Pakistan there was not much facilities in education where people immigrated to many other countries to continue their studies and settled there. After that immigration is restrained continuing in Pakistan.Many people immigrate t o other countries due to business. This was the reason for the immigration where big tally of Pakistani Muslims presented in America. They argon known as Pakistani Americans, moreover the number of Pakistani Americans is increasing still. Then all the human resources came down because lack of good members in politics. Political issues were the of import cause for the problems faced by the Pakistani people.The increasing of corruption made in politics affected the lives of normal people. Normal people were affected where elect people lived a rich life. Pakistan met failure in education, in employment, in democracy and in shortage of human needs. So people trusted the charitable Resources precaution to develop their sad situation. Their needs argon an innovation in education, skills training for unemployment people and natural resources to lead life.At the beginning they were living quenched life after the war, nuclear power, corruption, in politics and lack of help from the gov ernment changed their life totally. The demolition of The Twin Tower on phratry 11 changed the lives of the Pakistani people. All the Muslims were considered as terrorist therefore many Muslim writers all around the countries started to write about the real face of Islam people and their hardships after the September 11 attack.PakistanEEOC Complaint Trends Executive Summary The fitting Employment Opportunity Commission website was very informative in researching current trends in complaints creation institutionalized with the EEOC. The EEOC has the state to oversee, investigate, and litigate claims of employment discrimination. I will discuss several EEOC current trends in complaints. First, I will discuss the American Disability action of 1990. This Act was established to protect handicapped people. Then, discuss several disability cases filed by EEOC.For example, Robin Parker-Garcia vs. Gannett Company, Inc. was a popular disability discrimination case filed by EEOC when an bipolar employee was fired because of his disability. Another case filed by the EEOC was the case of McCormick & Schmick. In this case, a complaint was filed by EEOC when this employee was fired because he was deaf. Some disability discrimination laws ar similar in other countries to those in the United States. On the hand, there are some countries that do not have discrimination laws to protect the people. / EEOC flow rate Complaint Trends Upon review of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website I found that there are many employment related complaints that have been filed with EEOC. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is responsibility is to oversee, investigate, and litigate claims of employment discrimination. In other words, they enforce federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. In my opinion, people should be give the chance to obtain employment if they can work while being disabled.The current trend in EEOC complaints that I would like to discu ss those that are in violation of the American Disability Act of 1990. This Act was established to protect disabled people. It states that all private and public employers with 15 or more employees are protected under this law. The law requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to an employee or job applicant with a disability, unless doing so would cause significant difficulty or expense for the employer undue hardship (EEOC. gov). In the case of Robin Parker-Garcia-vs.Gannett Company, Inc. , she was unlawfully discharged because she was bipolar. Gannett Company, Inc. was in direct violation of the ADA. (Sunnucks, 2011) According to Mello, there is some look up as to whether certain medical conditions really are impairments and whether they limit any major life activity. In other words, not all medical conditions are physically related. The ADA protects those that are physically and mentally disabled. (Mello 2011, p. 302) Another interesting complaint filed with EEOC was the McCormick & Schmick case.According to the EEOCs suit, Vernon Davis, who has been deaf since childhood and uses American Sign Language and reads lips to communicate, satisfactorily performed his duties as a prep cook at the McCormick Schmicks National Harbor restaurant in Oxon Hill, Md. The EEOC said that at McCormick & Schmicks, Davis was harassed by a former management official because of his disability, through mockery and physical conduct. The EEOC also said that Daviss prep cook duties were removed and that he was transferred to a dishwasher position because of his disability.After Davis and others complained about Davis being subjected to disability discrimination, the restaurant demoted him to a janitorial-type position and cut his hours because of his disability and in retaliation for the complaints, the EEOC charged. Four months later, McCormick and Schmicks unlawfully fired Davis because of his disability and in retaliation for his complaints. (National truth Re view) As I read both of the disability cases, I noticed that the EEOC has an important role in filing disability claims on behalf of the employee.In 2012, statistics show that Texas (8,929 charges) and Florida (7,940 charges) had the largest amount of disability discrimination claims filed by EEOC in the United States. As I reviewed the EEOC site, I noticed that the EEOC is currently dealing with cases pertaining to disability discrimination and inner worrying cases. Both types of cases are in violation of federal laws that has been put in place to protect those in the workplace. I totally agree with the discrimination laws because they protect people in the UnitedStates society as a whole. Nobody is exempt from filing a claim with the EEOC is they feel that their employment rights have been violated by their employer in the United States or globally. Based on further research on this topic, I discovered that other countries discrimination laws are similar to those in the United S tates. Many laws around the world prohibit sexual harassment and recognize that both men and women may be harassers or victims of sexual harassment. However, most(prenominal) claims of sexual harassment are made by women.In Australia, The Sex Discrimination Act of 1984 defines sexual harassment as unwanted conduct of a sexual nature. Czech defines sex harassment as undesirable behavior of a sexual nature at the workplace if such conduct is unwel shine, unsuitable or insulting . In contrast, France Article 222-33 of the French Criminal Code describes sexual harassment as, The fact of harassing anyone using orders, threats or constraint, in order to obtain favors of a sexual nature, by a person abusing the authority that functions confer on him This means the harasser can only be someone with authority on the harassed (basically, there cant be sexual harassment between coworkers of the same rank. This was an eye opener for me because it is the total opposite in the United States. A n U. S. employee can file a complaint against the boss as well as a coworker for sexual harassment in the workplace. (humanresource. com) Another employment law that is faced in other countries is disability discrimination.The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), passed in 2006, is the main international policy document addressing the rights of disabled persons. Framing disability as a human rights issue, the CRPD makes general human rights law applicable to persons with disabilities and clarifies existing international laws concerning disabilities. According to the World Report on Disability (2011) article, A 2005 global look into found that of the 114 countries participating 48 countries did not adopt rehabilitation policies and 57 countries did not pass rehabilitation legislation.As for accessibility standard, 54 percent had none for alfresco environments, 43 percent had none for public building, and 44 percent had none for schools and h ealth facilities. About 65 percent had not started educational programs, and 58 percent had not allocated funds to disability programs. Reasons included lack of strategic planning, lack of resources and health infrastructure, and lack of a coordinating agency. Non-compliance is also a problem, even among develop countries such as Australia, Brazil, Denmark, India, and the United States.Other countries are lacking disability discrimination laws. There is much work to be done in order for them to come into compliance so that they can help the disabled community. The lack of strategic planning and a lack of resources are main barriers in helping the disabled community in other countries with disability discrimination issues. References EEOC. gov. Retrieved January 30, 2013 from http//www. eeoc. gov/laws/types/disability. cfm Mello, J. A. (2011). Strategic human resources management. (3rd ed. ). Mason, OH SouthWestern/Cencage.Sunnucks, D. (2011). EEOC charges Gannett company with discr imination. Retrieved January 30, 2013 from http//www. natlawreview. com/article/mccormick-schmick-s-to-pay- 47814-to-settle-eeoc-disability-discrimination-lawsuit What is human resource. com. Sexual harassment, different countries. Retrieved January 31, 2013 from http//www. whatishumanresource. com/sexual-harassment-different-countries World key out on disability. (2011) Retrieved January 31, 2013 from http//www. globalization101. org/world-report-on-disability-3/

Police in Society Essay

The law of nature discussion section and the police force in general, set about the power and barter at tout ensemble times of the day and night to ensure that the lives of people is protected as well as property (Bayley D, 1979, 109-143). This is done through preventing crime, light upon and arrest offenders, preserve the public peace as well as enforce each(prenominal) laws, ordinances and provisions of the administrative code over which the police department has jurisdiction. The crime-control theory suggests that police department develops in reaction to rise in criminal activity (Bayley D, 1979, 109-143).Thus, the structure in metropolis police department should pay back few levels with a wide span of control. Decision-making should be the task of lower-level personnel (Greene et al, 1992. 183-207). The structure should involve a police Chief, assisted by twain deputies, two patrol Lieutenants, two administrative and Investigative Lieutenant, four four-person patrol pla toons with a Sergeant and Corporal in each platoon, a Sergeant of Detectives and four detectives for all investigations, and as well as two to two-man bike patrols.While police leadership has many challenges, the police chief should offer transformational leadership essential to upraise cultural changes in the attitudes and beliefs of the line incumbents. He has to be principled in order to get extraordinary things done in this organization. He should be unbidden and ready to challenge any process (Kouzes & Posner, 1987. 17-94). Thus, he should bear risks, challenge the system, and challenge the way things are done.He should also inspire a divided up vision to his subordinates by breathing life into what are the hopes and dreams of others and enable them to see the exciting possibilities that the future holds (Kouzes & Posner, 1987. 17-94). In doing so, the police chief should enlist the support of all those who are necessary to get results, as well as those who volition be aff ected by the results in this case the public at large. done encouraging collaboration and teamwork makes it possible for the subordinates to do good work (Kouzes & Posner, 1987. 7-94). Envisaging that Metropolis is a diverse and dynamic as any community in the world, it requires tenaciousness and stability in certain basic sphere of influences of life, in particular the areas of safety and security. It crucial to note that the key to offering continuous safety and security is to micturate police department guided by a clear and unwavering philosophy by which to guide the determination of priorities and decisions in policing.The entire Police Department, encompassing every sworn officer as well as civilian member, and all associated City officials, suppliers, vendors, and other stakeholders in its mission, should focus their full on-duty attention to group meeting and satisfying the safety and security needs of Metropolis urban city. To achieve this, the community requires both swift police response to crime and disorder, in do-gooder to crime prevention and problem solving utilizing the latest technologies.In so doing both advancees should be utilized with intelligence to achieve a comprehensive networking approach that serves the community in a balanced manner. Thus, the major mission of metropolis Police Department should be to safeguard the lives and property of the people they serve, to decrease the incidence and fear of crime, and to enhance public safety at the same time as working with the diverse communities to improve their quality of life.This should be done with prise and integrity, while at all times conducting themselves with the highest ethical standards to maintain public confidence (Greene et al, 1992. 183-207). Hiring standards Most Police departments in cities face what some call a personnel crisis, with the number of autographs at record lows, an increasing number of experienced officers turn down promotions to sergeant or lieutenan t, while many gifted ranking(prenominal) officers decline offers to release police chiefs as well as police executive.Recruits pre-employment footing should be ascertained before being taken in, in the department. The purport of a pre-employment background investigation shall be to rapidly, competently as well as fairly to make out those applicants who are unfit for public redevelopment or whose prior conduct is contradictory to, or incompatible with, the law enforcement mission. No selection standard of the department shall be in conflict with, or contrary to, the spirit or letter of fair employment laws of the State.However, any applicant who has ever been convicted of any offense declared by law to be a felony in this or any other state shall not be eligible for employment with the department. Same standard shall apply to misdemeanor offenses, pull round that the applicant should not have been convicted within the past three years of any criminal offense declared by law to be a misdemeanor in this or any other state. The urban center being hard hit with the problem of drugs, a person who is a flow rate user of illegal drugs shall not be eligible for employment with the department.Drugs in this case should be taken to imply the controlled substances in accordance with the states provisions. The first step in the selection procedure is recruitment. Having a number of applicants, we must select those that are best fitting for the department. The department must have a number of minimum standards to employ in measuring the applicants. Issues of age, height and weight, physical agility and strength, and education should be taken into account. These applicants should be subjected to background investigations, which comprises of introductory drug use.They should take polygraph examination, psychological screening as well as meet medical requirements (Goldsmith 1990, 91-114). In rise to power to the above, the candidates will be required to take a written examination as well as an oral interview. The last step will be to train them once they have been chosen. The prep should take account of programs that include the departments mission statement in addition to ethical considerations. The training should also be based upon what the officer does in the course of a day.The actual content of the training should include subject areas such as the laws of arrest, patrol techniques, investigations, cultural diversity, and ethics. Upon completing the training, the naked as a jaybird recruit police officer will begin his or her field training. This will comprise assignment to a field-training officer who acts as a mentor for him/her. The new officer remains in probation for a certain period before beginning his or her machineeer path. This path may embrace advanced training to stay put with the changes in the law.The officers will be entitled to specialized training to prepare them for specific jobs in the department. Policing philosophy T he philosophy of metropolis police department shall be based on the belief that the public deserves an input into policing, and indeed, has a right to it. It will also rest on the vision that in order to find solutions to community problem of growing drug in the neighborhood, the police as well as the public must move beyond a narrow focus on individual crimes or incidents, and instead consider innovative ways of addressing drug issue concerns in general.Bonds of trust surrounded by all officers and the community in all aspects need to be established through continued and creative police outreach (Freeman, 1990. 19-109). The net effect will be to build a professional, representative, responsive, and answerable institution that works in affiliation with the public (Goldsmith 1990, 91-114). In an attempt to solve the publics problem, the department will identify the specific concerns that the Metropolis inhabitants feel are most threatening to their safety and well-being, in this par ticular case drugs.This area of concern then shall become priority for joint police-community interventions. The officers and a variety of building members then will outline problem-solving partnerships to develop responses that they can both use to eliminate or pick at the problem (Freeman, 1990. 19-109). Technologies The department should have police cars, upgraded to the specifications required by the force, built to police specifications in the factory. These cars should be modified to encompass adjustments for higher durability, speed, and high gas mileage driving in addition to long periods of idling at higher temperatures.This is accomplished by heavy-duty suspension, brakes, calibrated speedometer, tires, alternator, transmission and cooling systems. Where possible, slight modifications to the cars stock engine should be done if not installation of a more powerful engine. These cars are to be employed in patrolling the area round the clock. The department can employ Global -positioning system to track those convicted with drug related offences so as to help deter future recidivism.In addition the police force can make broad use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share breeding as well as get help quickly (Walker, 2005. 5). Presently, vehicle-installed computers have increased the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls in addition to criminal background checks on persons of interest. Metropolis Police Department should have similar technologies in their patrol vehicles.

Human Trafficking in the US

Sex Trafficking in the coupled States Imagine yourself leaving for a trip that you rich person been looking forward to. You get packed, board the plane, and wherefore finally you arrive at your destination. After settling in you go explore the atomic number 18a. At this point, you be kidnapped. You put up non do anything to protect yourself or to escape. You end up being forced to strip your clothes and have your body sold. You be now an object, no longer a person. Welcome to the victims world of depend upon trafficking.Because finish trafficking is an underground business, it whitethorn be difficult to completely stop this exploitation. Knowing the signs, watching for human sex trafficking, and acting quickly can save countless lives. Sex Trafficking is any practice that involves moving deal within and across local or national boundaries for the purpose of versed exploitation (Farr 2). It is the fastest festering crime in the United States and the second sizeablest ill egal trade after the drug industry. Human Trafficking has been difference on for over one hundred years.Human Sex Trafficking happens all over the world, including the United States. There ar approximately twenty-seven cardinal victims of sex trafficking worldwide three undred thousand of them ar wo manpower and children bought and sold yearbook here in the U. S. Of the three hundred thousand sex slaves sold in the US, 25% are forced into the business by parents or family members and 75% are former runaways. Each year, 1. 7 million children run away from home. From that number, 90% will be approached by traffickers within 48 hours. Many of which do not make it come forward the industry alive.In the state of Texas alone, there are entirely 99 cognize survivors in the last 20 years whoVe managed to escape sexual slavery (Preda. org). Victims of sexual slavery are not all kidnapped, majority are tricked into the business. Most of the women trafficked into house of ill reputes posing as massage businesses are not U. S. citizens, and umteen do not have documented status. Therefore, traffickers use the threat of deportation to maintain maintain of immigrant women. Without legal status, the women frequently fear and distrust police or government authorities.Immigrant women are vulnerable collectible to language barriers, unfamiliarity with their legal rights in the US, and/or the lack of a local support network. Others can be women with financial need or in debt leave the women vulnerable to recruiters, who appear to be crack legal Jobs. Sex trafficking thrives because it is low in risk and high in pay off. The United States FBI estimates roughly three thousand Russian mobsters control gangs in American cities that involve forced prostitution (Stoecker, Shelly 14). These groups contract 7 billion dollars yearly in the United States.Since there are currently no undifferentiated or accurate ways of tracking these crimes, statistics may vary. Because thi s is a large and very detailed business, many people are involved throughout the appendage. Everyone involved has a role to play to ensure the process is done quickly and smoothly. The recruiter finds and brings the victims into the industry usually by force or deception. The recruiter then sells the women to brokers or immediately to employers. Brokers are the middleman they buy the women from recruiters and sell them to employers, those who own brothels or bars.If the women are being transported from overseas, a avower organizes the transaction. Next an Employment or Travel agent is needed. Their main purpose is to arrange a authoritative Job and Job description or a legitimate trip. A document theft or forger obtains all the legal documentation needed to travel from country to country. The transporter travels with the women to each destination and delivers them to the recruiter. Who then sells them to the employers. The employers provide the women with a place to live and wo rk telling them of the working conditions, living arrangements, and lifestyle.A large number of employers are bar or club owners, while a very small dowery of them are street pimps. For large establishments an enforcer serves as security for the place of business (Farr 63). The life of a sex slave can be compared to an animal caged in a zoo. You are brought out only to do your trick, and then locked in a cage again. Victims, usually ages 11-17, are chained to a butt or confined in small living quarters majority of the day until they are fed, usually something strike to keep their weight down. Then they are given ice-cold showers to reduce the swelling on their bodies.Attendants then cover-up their bruises from the night before, put make-up on the girls, and then present them to another group of men for more abuse and profit. The women usually serve 5 to 30 men a night. Many of these victims address to drugs as a solace for the life they have been brought into. Drugs and beatings numb their capacity for thoughts of escape and further iscourage the cogency or alertness required to act on their desire for freedom. Many never make it out of the industry alive (preda. org). Stopping Sex Trafficking is harder than it may seem.There are signs of human sex trafficking that everyone should be aware(p) of. Visible indicators may overwhelm Heavvy security at the commercial establishment including barred windows, locked doors, isolated location, and electronic surveillance. Women are never seen leaving the premises unless escorted. Victims live at the same premises as the brothel or work site, or are driven between uarters and work by a guard. Victims are kept under surveillance when taken to a doctor, hospital or clinic for treatment trafficker may act as a translator.High foot traffic especially for brothels where there may be trafficked women indicated oft by a stream of men arriving and leaving the premises. Physical signs of a person being trafficked include malnutrition, dehydration or poor personal hygiene sexually transmitted maladys signs of rape or sexual abuse bruising, broken bones, or other signs of untreated medical problems critical illnesses including diabetes, cancer or eart disease post-traumatic stress or psychological disorders (humantraffcking. org).

Robert Nozick’s Experience Machine

skilful experiences argon something that we spend our life history constantly striving to obtain. Once we gain these unsloped experiences, we look for the next opportunity in order to gain that same great feeling that we had in our last experience. What if person told you that thither was a way to have these good experiences all the time? You could quite literally great deal yourself into a machine that would give you the great experiences that you have been searching for your whole life. The best part is that, once you have conciliated to plug yourself into this machine, you would feel and think that these erroneous experiences you argon having atomic number 18 hearty.Robert Nozick proposes this very scenario in his book Anarchy State, and Utopia. This scenario is known as the experience machine. (Nozick 1974, 165) Sounds great, doesnt it? I would beg to differ. Is cheer really the only thing that we spend our life searching for? I would argue that there are far more ot her important values other than pure pleasure that is why I would non plug into the experience machine. While Nozicks scenario may seem very tempting, there are several key elements to consider before making a decision to enter this experience machine.Does first appearance this experience machine correspond with ones set of values? I would say that there are far more important things than just pleasure. It is decorous to say that actually doing certain things, and not just simply having the experience of them is a good core value. We demand to actually in our real world accomplish our own cultures. Attaining these goals are what many people live their lives for. Aristotle claims, Man is a goal seeking animal. His life only has meaning if he is reaching turn up and striving for his goals. (Aristotle, 163) Perhaps this is what we appetite to live our lives striving to achieve our goals. Whether all of our experiences are 100% pleasurable does not thing. As bulky as we know th at we are actually living our own lives. Clearly, there is opposition to my argument. The opposing party may say something like, Whats the value in the capacity to freely make decisions or the top executive to be in the real world if neither of these things allows us to feel good? (Perry, 166) That is a fair question and one that Peter Unger cleverly answers.Unger mentions the tendency for us to buy life insurance as a claim that good experiences are not the only thing that matter to us. We do not get good experiences for paying our life insurance. In fact, we get out never experience anything that happens to this money. We do this so that our dependents will benefit from this money. With all this said, we are still very rational in buying this life insurance. (Unger 1990, 166) Therefore, we should value our capacity to make free decisions in the real world over just having good experiences.The life insurance example, that Unger mentions, is a perfect example as to why there are things that matter to us besides pleasure. Nozick sums this up by saying, Perhaps what we desire is to live as ourselves, in finish up with reality. (Nozick? 2010, 1) One can interpret Nozicks statement by his insinuation that gaining pure pleasurable experiences are not as valuable as knowing that we are living in contact with reality. We should value and desire our lives in our realistic world false pleasure experiences have no real value.In our lives, we want to BE certain peopleto plug in to an experience machine is to commit a form of suicide. (Nozick? 2010, 1) Plugging into an experience in order for you to merely experience false happenings would be lying to yourself that this gaining false pleasure is actually being experienced. In the real world, we can actually mold ourselves into the person that we want to become through our real experiences. There is a certain value in actually accomplishing a goal that has been set for yourself. We have free will, unlike in the expe rience machine.This free will allows us live in contact with reality and gain real life experiences by our choosing. This in turn, allows us to become the person that we want to be. Robert Nozicks experience machine can be extremely tempting when taken at face value. It offers us false pleasure experiences that could possibly entice and excite many to consider plugging into this machine. However, we must not forget that having false good experiences is not worth throwing away a reality rich worlda world in which we have the free will to decide who we will become as a real person. One must never forget this value. This s a complicated matter but Nozick puts it well by saying, We learn that something matters to us in extension to experience by imagining an experience machine and then realizing that we would not use it. (Nozick 1974, 165) When pondering this concept longer, we find out that we actually want to do certain things and not just have the false experience of having throu gh with(p) them. (Nozick ? 2010, 1) We come to realize that this experience machine, while being tempting, does not correspond with our values and desires. Losing our free will and all contact with reality is not more tempting than being the authors of our own lives.Reference slant (Works Cited) 1. )Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. (cited in Introduction to Philosophy Fifth Edition. legerdemain Perry, Michael Bratman, John Martin Fischer. Oxford University Press. 2010. ) 2. )Aristotle. (Quoted in Genius nurturing the spirit of the wild, odd, and oppositional tike . George T. Lynn, Joanne Barrie Lynn. 2006) http//books. google. com/books? id=LkNsXpMusnwC&pg=PA163&dq=Man+is+a+goal+seeking+animal. +His+life+only+has+meaning+if+he+is+reaching+out+and+striving+for+his+goals. &as_brr=0&cd=1v=onepage&q=Man%20is%20a%20goal%20seeking%20animal. 20His%20life%20only%20has%20meaning%20if%20he%20is%20reaching%20out%20and%20striving%20for%20his%20goals. &f=false 3. )Perry, Joh n Bratman, Michael Fischer, John Martin. Introduction to Philosophy Fifth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2010. 4. )Unger, Peter. 1990. Identity, Consciousness, and Value. (Cited in Introduction to Philosophy Fifth Edition. John Perry, Michael Bratman, John Martin Fischer. Oxford University Press. 2010. ) 5. )Nozick? , Robert. (quoted in Lewis and Clark Robert Nozick. The Experience Machine 2010. ) http//legacy. lclark. edu/jay/Robert%20Nozick. pdf.

Haiti History

Haiti has the distinction of being the first b lack independent republic, who only two centuries ago was the wealthiest soil in the New World and represented more than a quarter of Frances economy. Yet today Haiti has been called un pays tite-en-bas where to the highest degree 80% if Haitians live in absolute poverty, and almost 1/3 of the nation is ill or underweight. A long history of political oppression, soil erosion, lack of knowledge and population density of 618 large number per squ be mile has caused modern Haiti to become the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.After almost two hundred eld of rule by a series of despotic emperors, eccentric kings, cruel dictators, powerless presidents and oppressive generals Haiti is living in absolute poverty. Haiti has a GDP of less then $8 billion a category and the per capita income is less then $250 showing how poor Haiti truly is. When half a million slaves revolted against their compound masters in 1804, Haiti became the first nation to abolish slavery. Haiti saw 22 heads of state in 72 years causing unrest and turmoil between the Haitian people.After four consecutive years of Haitian presidents being murdered or disposed, the United States sent marines to Haiti. When the Americans left in 1934, Haiti was again in turmoil, with frequent coups, revolutions, dictatorship, and street violence until the election of Franiois Duvalier in 1957. Duvaliers rule soon turned into one of repression and business organisation and he soon declared himself president-for-life in 1964. Following his death, his son Jean-Claude used the same violent methods of his founding father to keep control of Haiti.Read also History QuizzesUnder his poor leadership, Haiti became one of the worlds poorest countries. Most of Haitis stinting problems are the result of economic mismanagement and government corruption. Forests were cleared, which caused soil erosion, making the land dry and infertile. gardening employs nearly thre e-fifths of the workforce (see figure 1). The average salary is only $70 a month, and yet pompousness tops 14% a year. The growing population has forced many small farmers to concentrate on growing food for themselves, making it impossible to have any income.Nearly 3/4 of the population of Haiti cooks with charcoal, cutting down so many trees that deforestation of the mountains is a major problem. Only about 4% of the land is forest, compared to 30% of US land (see figure 2 3). Extreme weather conditions further stake the land, with torrential rains during hurricane season racing down deforested mountains and destroying fields, roads and homes. This has caused a horrific impact on Haiti. fewer then 13% have bother to safe drinking water, and most Haitians struggle to find exuberant food to eat each day (it is estimated that Haiti produces only 40% of the food it ask).Although public education in Haiti is free, textbooks and other school materials are not, and as a result many children, especially those in rural areas (the 90% of Haitians that live in absolute poverty, also called peasants) cannot afford to go to school. It is estimated that about 90% of Haitians are illiterate. Even though legally, education is free and open to all, only about 30% of Haitian children ever begin school, and of the 30%, only 2% stay in school beyond the 5th grade. galore(postnominal) factors play into the lack of education in Haiti, such as education being mainly in French, even though Creole is the official language in Haiti, also after the fifth year students must pass a difficult examination, which is also in French, causing many students to not pass. The lack of proper teachers and inadequate supplies, as well as overcrowding in schools has made it difficult for Haitians to get an education. Haitis misadventure has continued through the years with a series of natural disasters.Severe deforestation, leading to flooding and landslides, and a lack of proper extremity services and infrastructure has resulted in the storms causing the deaths of thousands of Haitians. In 2008, four dispel hurricanes Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike in the space of 30 days led to the deaths of more than 800 people. About 60 per cent of the countrys harvest-festival were destroyed and entire cities were rendered desolate and uninhabitable. In January 2010, a devastating 7. 0 magnitude earthquake resulting in the deaths of thousands and the loss of many homes and buildings (see figure 5).Haiti is a country full of tragedy and despair. 380 000 Haitians were infected with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome by 2000 and the life expectancy has dropped to the early age of 53. Only 8 people out of both thousand have telephone service and less then 6% of people have access to electrical power. Yet a small portion of the country is not effected by the huge poverty, but instead live a life of luxury. 0. 5% of Haitis population earns about 46% of the nations income, ther efore giving the rich more power causing even more corruption.Many organizations such as The Canadian Red Cross and Hope for Haiti are aiming to restore this once hopeful country. The United Nations stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was established on June 1 2004, and continues to help Haiti today. MINUSTAH peacekeepers help provide basic needs such as clean water to cholera affected towns, where close to 50, 000 cases have been reported. The UN has established an emergency response effort to bring relief to this stricken country, yet even with so much help, Haiti is withal a country that has lost all its wealth and is now in great debt with the world.

The Movie Crash

In the movie, Crash, nearly any racism and unlikeness you can echo of argon shown. In all of these the core problems ar escape of civil liberties, rights, social arbitrator, and preconceived notions from people. This movie did a spacious job of showing what goes on in certain societies. The main races shown as minorities and being toughened incorrectly were African Americans, Latinos, and Iranians/Asians. Civil rights are delineate as, The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. Civil liberties are defined as, Guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of g everyplacenment. Social justices are defined as, The application of the concept of justice on a social scale. Prejudices are defined as, An unfavorable opinion or whole steping organise forrader or with out knowledge, thought, or reason. All four of these are heavily shown in Crash. It is unfortunate that these functions snuff it to people, simply it is important to know they do happen and to not treat people like this. African American rights have been a struggle throughout our register, and probably al elans will be.A study bourne in our process to equality was the Civil Rights chip of 1964. It was an Act in the fall in States that outlaw close to forms of discrimination against African Americans. This act outlawed the segregation of schools, work places, and public areas. It also outlawed un sluice voting laws. In the movie, African American discrimination was shown a lot. A shot with car-jacking involving African Americans showed the way that many people horizon the entire race to behave. There were also scenes with racial write and even being ignored at a restaurant.One of the worse scenes showing the discrimination and occur way out of equality and rights to all races was a scene where a white police officer pulled over an African American couple for not estimable reason and proceeded to take full advant age of his situation. He sexually assaulted the woman because he knew they would not report him, perk uping that they were a minority. It was authentically good-for-nothing to overhear that the husband had to just watch and couldnt do anything and Im sure this sort of thing has authentically happened before. This is not social justice, and is a lack of both civil rights and liberties.No peerless should feel like they cannot report a crime because they are the minority in the situation. A real typesetters case involving African Americans is Lloyd Gaines, who was denied from a law school in Mississippi because he was black. When taken to Supreme Court, Gaines win the case. This is good news and a step in the right direction. African Americans are discriminated against a lot, as shown in the movie. Hispanics are another group largely discriminated on. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1968 was an Act that did not help our equal rights progress through the years.In the movie, we follow out problems that occur today in the unite States dealing with Hispanics. I conjecture that Hispanics are the group most blemishd against today. In one scene, a white rich woman is getting her locks changed by a company. When the lock changer showed up, she whole stereotypic him noticing his tat likewises and baggy clothing. The women did not trust the work of the Hispanic man and wanted the company to re-do the locks. other scene shows a women disrespecting her Hispanic housekeeper and treating her with no equality. She is rude to the housekeeper and treats her as a minority.The last scene most Hispanics that stood out to me was the scene where the lock worker showed up to change the Persian mans sleuths locks. When the Hispanic man nicely tries to explain to the man that the door is broken he in a flash things the Hispanic man is cheating him. The Persian man was very rude, and was yelling at the worker. Even though the Persian man is later discriminated on, it is no reason to have such a strong prejudice on a man just trying to do his job. In the movie, I didnt rattling see any crimes committed to Hispanic people, I definitely saw social injustice plainly no specific crimes do to them.I think Hispanic discrimination is chill out a really voluminous problem today and every(prenominal)one has so many stereotypes for everyone. The last groups of people shown being discriminated against were the Persians, and Asians. Some history slowly these groups was the Chinese Immigration Act if 1885. This Act gave a big tax to all Chinese Immigrants in the United States. Today, Id like to think there is less discrimination on Asians. In one scene, the Persian shop owner wants to buy a hoagie. The man mete outing the gun refuses to sell the Persian man because his English is broken.His daughter talks to the man selling the gun and ends up bring home the bacon and purchasing it. It is illegal to not sell a product to someone because of a prejudice view or racial profile. In the end of the movie, we learn that the Chinese man who was ran over by the African Americans was actually selling people of his own race out of his truck for money. This sort of shows that discrimination and lack equality has gotten so bad that even same-race people are doing whatever they can to hold up in this Country. African Americans, Hispanics, Persians, and Chinese are all shown being racially profiled, prejudiced, and treated far from equal. no(prenominal) of this, by law, should be happening. It is impossible to control all people all the time, but I think too much of this is happening everyday. In the United States, certain laws are promised and should be completely followed through. It is sad to see all of this discrimination in the movie, but it is good to know it happens so that we can pick up it as much as possible, and make more equality for every citizen, no matter their race. The United States has done many good things to put the Country on the right track towards equality, but still decimation exists, and to every race and minority.The Movie CrashIn the movie, Crash, nearly any racism and discrimination you can think of are shown. In all of these the core problems are lack of civil liberties, rights, social justice, and prejudices from people. This movie did a great job of showing what goes on in certain societies. The main races shown as minorities and being treated wrong were African Americans, Hispanics, and Persians/Asians. Civil rights are defined as, The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. Civil liberties are defined as, Guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government. Social justices are defined as, The application of the concept of justice on a social scale. Prejudices are defined as, An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. All four of these are heavily shown i n Crash. It is unfortunate that these things happen to people, but it is important to know they do happen and to not treat people like this. African American rights have been a struggle throughout our history, and probably always will be.A major landmark in our process to equality was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It was an Act in the United States that outlawed some forms of discrimination against African Americans. This act outlawed the segregation of schools, work places, and public areas. It also outlawed unequal voting laws. In the movie, African American discrimination was shown a lot. A scene with car-jacking involving African Americans showed the way that many people view the entire race to behave. There were also scenes with racial profiling and even being ignored at a restaurant.One of the worse scenes showing the discrimination and total loss of equality and rights to all races was a scene where a white police officer pulled over an African American couple for not good re ason and proceeded to take full advantage of his situation. He sexually assaulted the woman because he knew they would not report him, seeing that they were a minority. It was really sad to see that the husband had to just watch and couldnt do anything and Im sure this sort of thing has really happened before. This is not social justice, and is a lack of both civil rights and liberties.No one should feel like they cannot report a crime because they are the minority in the situation. A real case involving African Americans is Lloyd Gaines, who was denied from a law school in Mississippi because he was black. When taken to Supreme Court, Gaines won the case. This is good news and a step in the right direction. African Americans are discriminated against a lot, as shown in the movie. Hispanics are another group largely discriminated on. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1968 was an Act that did not help our equal rights progress through the years.In the movie, we see problems t hat occur today in the United States dealing with Hispanics. I think that Hispanics are the group most prejudiced against today. In one scene, a white rich woman is getting her locks changed by a company. When the lock changer showed up, she completely stereotyped him noticing his tattoos and baggy clothing. The women did not trust the work of the Hispanic man and wanted the company to re-do the locks. Another scene shows a women disrespecting her Hispanic housekeeper and treating her with no equality. She is rude to the housekeeper and treats her as a minority.The last scene about Hispanics that stood out to me was the scene where the lock worker showed up to change the Persian mans shops locks. When the Hispanic man nicely tries to explain to the man that the door is broken he immediately things the Hispanic man is cheating him. The Persian man was very rude, and was yelling at the worker. Even though the Persian man is later discriminated on, it is no reason to have such a strong prejudice on a man just trying to do his job. In the movie, I didnt really see any crimes committed to Hispanic people, I definitely saw social injustice but no specific crimes done to them.I think Hispanic discrimination is still a really big problem today and everyone has so many stereotypes for everyone. The last groups of people shown being discriminated against were the Persians, and Asians. Some history behind these groups was the Chinese Immigration Act if 1885. This Act gave a big tax to all Chinese Immigrants in the United States. Today, Id like to think there is less discrimination on Asians. In one scene, the Persian shop owner wants to buy a gun. The man selling the gun refuses to sell the Persian man because his English is broken.His daughter talks to the man selling the gun and ends up succeeding and purchasing it. It is illegal to not sell a product to someone because of a prejudice view or racial profile. In the end of the movie, we learn that the Chinese man who wa s ran over by the African Americans was actually selling people of his own race out of his truck for money. This sort of shows that discrimination and lack equality has gotten so bad that even same-race people are doing whatever they can to survive in this Country. African Americans, Hispanics, Persians, and Chinese are all shown being racially profiled, prejudiced, and treated far from equal.None of this, by law, should be happening. It is impossible to control all people all the time, but I think too much of this is happening everyday. In the United States, certain laws are promised and should be completely followed through. It is sad to see all of this discrimination in the movie, but it is good to know it happens so that we can stop it as much as possible, and make more equality for every citizen, no matter their race. The United States has done many good things to put the Country on the right track towards equality, but still decimation exists, and to every race and minority.

Gay community

But the said(prenominal) has n perpetu entirelyy been certain in any connection of the serviceman even though there argon traces of much(prenominal) re industrious that goes on off the curtain including India. Sherry Joseph by his study made an move to understand the Indian Gay and Lesbian appargonnt motion by means of and through with(predicate) and through the wider perspectives of personal identity politics. In an geological era of audacious and lesbian normalization, the homo versed immigrants of Indian subcontinent demanded in Britain and America An agenda within a racist climate various from the agenda imposed by white homophile(a)s and lesbians.The impact of colonial history and concepts of orientation upon world- views and perceptions has played a central role in how non white people carry out been defined Silenced in both south Asian patriarchal societies and the white homophile(a) communities in America and Europe, the south Asian braws and lesbians ha ve had to invent themes, often with new terms of acknowledgment (2228). The identification of ones sexual look is again the product of the we buns ideology as the good West rests on Christian values as their prime ideological moorings.In post colonial era scholars of the empire began to deliberate on a new terminology that can be conveniently apply to identify people not preferring to be straight. Thus came, the term alternate sexualities in general as an feat to colonize the general notion and establish the existence of various expressions of sexualities surrounding scriptures, arts, conduct histories etc. sheep 2229). VOLVO. 1, expose 5, JUNE 2014 www. Manipulability. Mom 41 Even with such terms the real scenario of festals and lesbians in India is that they prolong to be a band of ostracizes group, soci completelyy excluded, and are subjected to homophobia. Attain is to a salienter extent(prenominal) adjoined with the contemptuous view of the ordi realm upon the ho mosexuals what brought them d ingest as a minority with a degradingly low social respect. He attempts to undo, if not leg each(prenominal)y approve, chief(prenominal)ly homophobia, a ERM that refers to unreasonable fear of the animateds or lesbians.A subjectivity of human bes is again centered with an appeal to all that they may in every centering be treated as human being the way the third wave of feminism vouch for treating women not as a sexual urgeed identity, instead they should be looked at and thought of as human beings runner . A change of attitude is the central focus. Its a fact that the majority of people in any given society are heterosexual and the identity is based on the penetrate heterosexuality.Naturally, people with same sex behavior are not merely a minority, precisely also practice of such is a taboo, inasmuch as the Judder- Christian values and beliefs held that non-procreative sexual acts were a sin against nature and consequently frowned upon in the culture. This value system shaped the legal rear on sodomys as a criminal offence as seen in the Indian Penal polity (EPIC) Joseph 2228). The entire world is still in a suspended say as to its stand on validating zippy marriages on moral grounds and value system.The values also has undergone change oer the divisions especially, after the postmodern scenario of anti essentialist and anti foundational. Gay and lesbian motion all all over the world as caught the attention of people in general into thinking on the issue seriously. chairman and Founder of the Christian Apolo conductics and Research Ministry, Matt Slick feels his concern to write on the subject as Homosexuals want early(a)s in society to accept them as normal people with normal sexual behavior patterns. They are working hard to change moral, social, and political opinion to be more in confines with what they want.They are not content to be by themselves. They want others to accept them as a philosophically, mor ally, and ideologically valid. They want to change the opinions of people. In short, they want to change society. Therefore, it is necessary to write about something that can so drastically preserve the moral fabric of this country (Matt Slick. CARR). Attain also has felt the same concern for Indian homosexuals. Scriptural truth is a permanent reality, insofar values keep changing over time with the multifarious development of the world in an ever changing world of ours.Further, Attain is confirm in his handling the controversial issues openly in dramatic play as in the West the diary alike Human Events has thoified the ca routine that If we are on the right side of one of the greatest social, oral and spiritual issues of our time, then we need to dig deep, hold our ground, strengthen our commitment and redouble our labours, careless(predicate) of cost or consequence on an almost daily basis, the mainstream media assures us of devil things Just as many conservatives and VO LVO. ISSUE 6 42 traditionalists were on the wrong side of slavery, segregation and womens rights, we are on the wrong side of the gay rights issue today ( Traditional Osteoarthritis Values) Indian gay and lesbian movement gained ground during ass onward and they have common goals of opting for same sex matrimonial apprisalship or like a living- gather like any other heterosexuals. Both of the communities major power be disapproved by the general Indian mass, even so they differ in terms of the power relation they occupy or the space they could create for themselves.Certainly, gays have great dominance since they belong to masculine gender and India is always a potent dominant society. Indian lesbians in the ass were part of the feminist movement but later on the tie is snapped off for the same reason of societal disapproval and homophobia. The active lesbian group like Khakis in Bombay was initially a part of he feminist movement group, but later on it stopped receiving any c ommunication or cooperation from the later. So, rightly lesbianism deserved its allow place in Indian society given the age old injustice to Indian women.The certify status of Indian gay and lesbian groups are rooted to the emergence of south Asian gay and lesbian group publications in Europe and America in ass of which Terrine, Sammie, and Dost were prominent. Whereas, at present yet third groups in three metro cities like Bombay, Madras and Delhi are functional with least number of lesbians or women activists in them. Naturally, the lesbian women stand doubly marginals, first by being women and then by being lesbians.Some of them may still be viewed as the marginals of the marginals who have been forced to be isolated -turned lesbians for being subjected to marital torture, dowry related oppression, sexual violence and so on. Thus, their sexual identification as lesbians is the result of their series of normalization and a shift of political understanding. The gross normaliz ation of the gay and lesbian community occurs from the wave-particle duality of home sexuality and heterosexuality.The policy of domination by the majority to minority, or by the powerful to the feeble has been as old as subjecting Eve to eat the forbidden fruit by Adam and thereby bring the hubris upon the earth. Such prominent dichotomies are black and White races in America, immigrants and natives in Europe and the US, male/female and so on. Even among women, there are black and white women in the US, upper and erect out caste women in India, and other common distinctions are based on class, race community all over the the world.The third wave of feminism has some common causality with the gay-lesbian movement. Women are looked as conventional image as wife or as a shadow to a an. Singletons is not accepted as normal in India. Such situation forces women to go for a marriage of convenience as the case happens in the Do the Needful where Lata and Lapels accepts marriage to mai ntain the status quo and later on they use the liberty to pursue their own choices .The gay movements claim of getting fair and ingenuous treatment as citizens of India is quite tenable and in unison VOLVO. 1 with the article 38(1) of the directive principles of state policies of the constitution of India that states The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as in effect as it may a social order in which Justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the content heart( Directive Principles of State Policy) .Drama functions as an intellectual sap to the society mirroring the actual happenings on play and this particular drama has fork outn the exact picture of the functioning of all gay people in India. It has helped creating more tolerance and space for them than it was before. Now its common that the gays and lesbians come together from across the country to show their solidarity and a sense f belongi ngness as a community by lending all contingent supports for one another.Currently, India is on a path of new social and economic reformation of which class consciousness is replacing caste. Similarly, dominant social groups and structures based on tradition is giving way to differentiations which is again support by its own discourse in a post modern setting that goes against any cardinal essentialist. On a Muggy Night in Iambi shows the intensity of gay extol. The depth of experience is communicated through the stage setting in which the combination of the silhouette and the indoor present an outline of the condition ofIndian gay people as a whole to the audience. One of the prominent techniques of Attain is to create the dramatic focus which highlights the depth and breadth of not solitary(prenominal) a temper but also engages the readers audience into their own attitudinal turmoil to the reality of human experience. Individual talent and dramatic techniques help spinning a outlook of people toward more bankers acceptances through a slow surgical process of evolution.It is slow be bring in the impact reverberates into the minds of an audience and the same helps consolidate their rational approach to the vexed issue to be translated into acceptance. Attains themes are traditional Indian society and its design is to impact upon the gay, lesbian and on any one who is opposed to heterosexual as defined by society. The play is a realistic picture of society as to how does it affect an individual behavior when one is denied any self expression and hypocrisy is upheld for the sake of tradition.This leads to the visualization of the character against social expectations and the same question Shard in On a Muggy Night in Iambi is haunted by as the national anthem, not as the celebrated Jan Gang, Man, but as what Makes A Man A Man (Collected Play 55). This question teems from his quest for existentialist and as chief(prenominal) as the national anthem. Samp les is engaged with a love of convenience or sham- love for Samples who only films an attempt of love, but his heart is engaged somewhere else what evokes Shards laments l wasted a year of my watchliness being a house wife for you and all I get is a kick back in the assYou beast (56) Shard discovered that Samples was in love with Parkas, but he overly was a wounded lover, for Parkas was more afraid of being banished by the society and hence, distanced himself. Shard loved Samples rightfully as he put on sinner(vermilion) like traditional women ND wore bangles what he bust at a height of emotion, for what he found is now lost because of Parkas. Shard helped him forget his lost-love with Parkas but hardly could he do that as Parkas kept cropping up to his mind painfully.Shard could not conceal his licking of unrequited love with Samples to lates catalytic remarks that they must be back to terms of their love -relations If I had a lover, would I be such a bitchy? Immediately, Deeply gets back to her born(p) sense of empathy for the female species saying that Mimi can call yourself a dog, call yourself a pig, but never, ever insult a female (59). Shard, temporary hookup suggesting the guard to be shameless, accepts that the gay people are all shameless, but this comes as his deep protest against such societal taboo upon them.Deeply is more of a plane character as she does not undergo any complex changes of life and performs more like filler, yet she is dynamic in her response to a conflicting situation which is expressive of her internal dialogues, put onward as external dialogues and reactions at various points in the dramatic narrative. Thats the reason that she retorts to the example of a bitchy. She o becomes more revelatory in her plea for an acceptance for gay people.Hence, she as with Shard stands betwixt the two categories of round and flat characters in its literary sense or rather they are an metal of these two and hence may be labeled as catalytic character, who help manifest the main or dynamic characters like Samples or exercise/Parkas. She pleads for the gay mens cause more than her own category of lesbians l am for gay mens cause. Men deserve only men (60). A distinct psychological mooring upon which ones sexual behavior rests upon is set by the dominant discourse of any society.Attain sets a discourse through insouciant language and out-on -the- thoroughfare characters through distinct mode of sexism. For example, Deeply and Samples never feel any love for each other in a sense of love- making. Its made clear when Deeply expresses that if Samples were a woman, they could be in a love and the same is reciprocated in opposite terms and finally Deeply asserts If we were heterosexuals, we would be married (65).Deeply feels proud of being a woman Every time I menstruate, I thank matinee idol I am a woman, the same word are suggested in a different way by Shard to register his contempt for all those who en any s pace for gay or lesbians Every time I menstruate, I thank God I am not pregnant (66). Samples in the gathering of his gay and lesbian friends is obsessed with his lost love and separation with Parkas and in turn he makes Shards life miserable. In other wrangle, victim turns into victimizer.Parkas, at the initial stage of the drama is a victim of social pressure what is made clear in the words of Samples himself He left me because he was ashamed of our human relationship (69). Samples was visiting a homophobic psychiatrist to get rid of his depression but the psychiatrist plunged him into a worse situation out of his own disgust of such gay people, for he believed only in aversion therapy which brought further depression to Samples as he VOLVO. 1 45 recalls Until he said I would never be happy as a gay man.It is impossible to change society, he said, but it may be possible for you to reorient yourself (69). pure(prenominal) termed the doctors eccentric and homophobic view as primi tive idea. In fact, the society is the great barrier what Attains dramatic technique and making of the characters unravel as an anti- nastiness against a venom of hatred for all these people who are trundling to be accepted as human beings and human hauteur in the society. bunny rabbit, the TV actor, alike has experienced the same treatment of homophobia and non acceptance as gay.While all the gay friends assembled at Sampless residence to sympathize with the tragedy of Samples, Sheehan music was pouring in. They show their antipathy by turning on CD player, for they are anguished as no such celebrations are solemnizes for them and hence, such rituals or music is, filthy hot air (73) for them. Here, one contrast is shown one marriage is divergence on with social gaiety amid colors and USIA down stairs and upstairs apartment is considering a educate up of a gay marriage with the chanting of parallel mantra This city and God are witness to my vow , I break all ties with Parkas(7 3). Love for each other for these two friends is so voiceless that Samples could not tear up the Joint photograph with Parkas symbolizing their conjugal relationship. From the episode of separation amongst these two friends begins the tragedy of Koran, a dear sister of Samples himself. She was introduced to exertion by Samples since four years.The gathering at Sampless flat upstairs in Act l, is the hot bed of making ND break of serve all gay relationship and the trauma they bear silently throughout their lives. Koran came to know for the first time in that gathering that her sidekick is being treated for depression. When she goes to the bedroom to unpack her belongings she is transparent to the audience that she was placing a photograph on the side table indicating not only her knowledge of the relationship of her brother, but also as a powerful symbol of her ensuing tragic course of life.All the three Acts are three in one. Psychic turmoil of all the characters, their pleasu re and pain, frustration and evolve against the society are balanced placing them in the silhouette and the front show of the stage setting. This Juxtaposition of interior and the out-of-door or the front and the back stage against each other is to create a deep depiction on the audience s mind as to the conflicts that goes in their consciousness, yet how they struggle to reconcile with the stern reality of society- a reality divorced from free expression and fair play.Samples the main character of the drama is brought in the Act II with brilliant dramatic technique in which he walks by Deed at the lonely park at round 8. 30 PM, yet not visible to the audience. He has throttled a few pegs to get rid of his depression and he divulges the fact of his coming to the park as to let someone know his story before he ends his life by committing suicide. Someone but listens to his story (history? ) who, in turn, is the exact cause of such woebegone condition of life.Social paranoia is wh at troubled Deed as he was a little more reactive to peoples suspicion about his gay relationship with Parkas that turned him into hyper vigilant against any social threat from any quarter. Samples struggles or visibility of such relationship against the blind sensibility of average people They cant see us at all, although we can see them. They must be blind (81). Then, Samples asks Deed to close his eyes, stand behind him and fondle gently to discover Can you see how beautiful we are (82)?Through long pause and closeness after this warmth of feeling of the two old lovers, fading light, slow music and then Sampless appearance on front show of the stage to Join the gathering of his friends of Act I while the light reappears to create a sense of change of time and space, is a reliant technique of creating two distinct mental spaces into the minds of the audience to recreate the subtlety of feelings of these two men off the glare of the everyday world in their minds and the dreary i ntercourse of the same world under the visibility of everyone in which hardly they could feel proud of and contented with what they are all about.Surreptitious orchestration of pause and silence, music, light are through to heighten their speed of the stream consciousness natural to all human beings. Social pressure is so enormous that Deeds psychiatrist could convince him that is love is the work of a devil and through regular church going alone could absolve him of such devil. Samples also believes it and so he wants to revoke showing the photograph of their love making to his own sister, Koran, who is now going to be married with Deed. On the other hand double-dyed(prenominal), an European immigrant, is contrasted with his Indian counter parts of gay community.In Europe he has greater freedom of being honest to his sexual behavior but in India he might not expect the same degree of freedom There is such a thing as honesty. Or maybe it is the company you keep. Or maybe the compa ny I am in (88). Further Arrant is perturbed seeing closet homosexuals in India and he regrets being an Indian on grounds of his advantage point of Western immigration. His statement to Bunny echoes the shifting subject of spirituality in Indian society l cant seem to be both Indian and gay. But you are simply ashamed. All this sham is to cover up your shame (88).The hypocrisy of Indian society is again substantiated through Bunnys character. He belongs to Sikh community, yet he avoids wearing a turban as he would be subjected to stereotypical role of being a Seaward . The characters are designed skillfully representing every type and category of India gay and lesbian people on stage in an effort to producing a gay ambiance within an hour or two to show what India is passing through presently. The real plight of this marginals community is made clear in exact terms through Deeplys words that it is more fear of being ostracizes or a subject of homophobia than any brand name of shame attached to them.Basic human dignity is at stake for all these people in general. universe woman and lesbian is more pathetic in India when Deeply makes it pretty loud and clear Its not shame, is it? With us? Its fear Of the VOLVO. 1 47 corners we will be pushed into where we dont want to be (89). Attains effort has been to widen this corner of Indian society to make it at least as large as to accommodate these innocent Boniface citizens of a independent country, known for its age old tolerance and universal acceptance.Of course, India as a nation could be depict in no better terms than the first address at the world parliament of organized religion at Chicago by Swami Vaccinated l am proud to belong to a nation which has sheltered the persecuted and the refugees of all religions and all nations of the earth (Vaccinated 3). Naturally, Attain has every reason as an artist to touch on the glory of this great nation by upholding the cause of the marginal people toward greater tole rance and acceptance for all. Equally fluctuating is the condition of Shards mind after being broken from Samples.He too wants to force his way to be straight , to be a real man only to be accepted by the society, even though he knows deep down within himself that he is as gay as a goose and seeks the advice of a psychiatrist only to invite a crisp distress in his life. Koran still thinks wishfully of a happy bond between her brother and Shard as she recalls her own life of solitude after divorce. She also warns about the gravity of misery a woman undergoes in this country Just because of male dominance.Shards decision to act like a straight might shatter a womans life And think of the sad woman. You may end up marrying Just as a cover up for your shame (102). Bunny accepts that he is a gay man and keeps deceiving people through his constant denial and in the process all such gay people vacillates between the world of reality and the world of sham, finding no permanent anchor to embrace with fullness of heart. The last scene of Act Ill lays bare the ridiculousness of life of all the gay people on stage who are representative of entire gay community.Deed is the most pathetic character not only for Deeply, but also for every viewer or reader the way he has shattered the lives of Samples and Koran. He also could not remain immune to this wretched condition of life as a closure look and a psychological delving into his character reveals that he is more sinned against than sinning. His very purpose of marrying Koran was a matter of convenience so that he could continue his love for Samples without any suspicion from any one. Certainly, in the process he could save one life at the cost of the other and the other is a woman.Koran, while looking at the photograph of Deed and Samples kissing each other, cries out through the open window leading to the vacuous blue flip-flop of Bombay. She must have felt the void of the sky more than anyone else who has not passed t hrough the tormenting labyrinth of life like hers. She is that subaltern woman, conditioned to tolerate torture and untold suffering. She remembers her past life as to how she use to be beaten up by her husband ND still she continued to accept and provide all these as she believed and felt that he loved her l felt he loved me adequacy to want to hurt me (107).She questions Deeds motive of marrying her and the answer comes out as her dramatic monologue that all such gay people behave in a stereotypical manner VOLVO. 1 as we Just dont know what else to be (107) The imagery of the photograph with Deed as the best couple on the floor that appears in her mind matches with the vacuous blue sky to sublimate the absurdity of her life. The explosion of fireworks, colored sights and loud screams of delight from the ground floor heightens the inner turmoil of a saddest thought, perhaps churning an existential dilemma in her mind.Deed in utter shame and disgust for life is completely broke n down Where do I begin? How do I begin to live (111)? All the characters on stage are suddenly plunged into existential dilemma in the world of irresolution and absurdity of life. The height of the dilemma in the last scene is accentuated by more firecrackers and lusty yells from the matrimony below. Lights are slowly fading to beckon the void while the pictures of Deed and Samples and Koran ND Samples are slowly evanescent from the minds of the audience before it is completely engulfed into darkness.The stage setting and delineation of the pathos of the characters, here, Just reminds one the most exact definition of short story by Arbitration tagre Simple events of life happy or sad, Some sad strings from the train of forgetfulness, Not troubled with heavy descriptions, Not crowded with events, No advice, no philosophy Only the feeling that the story is not yet over Although there is no more to read (Bangladesh) Conclusion The queer characters representing both the gays and les bians of urban diddle class India undergo a tortuous Journey of visualization due to homophobia and social ostracise of such people.Attain has been true to his calling as a dramatist to show their painful odyssey of modern India, yet how the issue escapes the thinking mass to be considered for an acceptance and a right place in the society. Its rightly an odyssey as the victims at times turn into victimizers thereby bringing upon them a series of miseries, little knowing what exactly ails them. The dramatist has won the heart of every one by bringing this cause of ailment, the whole truth of it, on stage with all sincerity of purpose.