The five competitive forces of Michael Porter

Business strategists’ primary function in companies is their ability to understand competition and create plans to cope with such. The five competitive forces Michael Porter discusses in his article are the threat of new or potential entrants, negotiating power of suppliers, bartering power of customers, threat of substitute products and/ or services and competition among direct rivals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The five competitive forces of Michael Porter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An industry’s structure is characterized by the comprehensive competition of the five forces. These forces also outline the temperament of aggressive interaction within an industry. It is important for company strategists to have a thorough understanding of the five forces in order for them to plan out strategies for the company. In understanding the five competitive forces, the company will be able to †Å"reveal the roots of an industry’s profitability and provide framework for anticipating and influencing competition and profitability† (Porter, 2008). Understanding a given industry’s structure is also essential in the positioning of a company. The industry structure determines the strength of the five forces. Such is characterized by the economy and technological advancement (Porter, 2008). The five forces which shape strategy differ from industry to industry with regards to their configuration. Evaluating and analyzing the five forces may enable companies to understand the challenges present in the industry. The first force is the threat of new players in the industry. The presence of new entrants affects the industry’s prices, costs and rate of investments. â€Å"New entrants bring new capacity and desire to gain market share. This force puts a cap on the profit potential of an industry† (Porter, 2008). Entry barriers and the reactions of incumb ents determine the competition and profitability of an industry. Industry incumbents have an advantage through the seven entry barriers which are supply-side economies of scale, demand-side benefits of scale, capital requirements, incumbency advantages independent of size, unequal access to distribution channels and restrictive government policy. In planning out company strategies, managers must take into consideration the relationship of entry barriers and potential players’ capabilities. The second force which affects strategy is the power of suppliers where â€Å"they try to gain more value for themselves by charging higher prices, limiting quality or services or shifting costs to industry participants† (Porter, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another force is the power of buyers where customers tend to coerce sellers in lowering product prices, deman ding superior quality and services. Customers can influence the increase of costs at the expense of the profitability of an industry. The fourth force is the threat of substitutes. Substitutes can threaten the profitability of an industry for they can act as an alternative when a customers are not satisfied with a given product. Lastly, the rivalry among existing competitors is the fifth force which shapes competition. These rivalries can be manifested in different forms such as price competition, product innovations, marketing and advertising campaigns and improvements of services. Profitability of industries is limited when rivalry among industry players is high. â€Å"The degree to which rivalry drives down an industry’s profit potential depends on the intensity which companies compete and the basis on which they compete† (Porter, 2008). An industry’s profit potential is determined by the industry structure. Understanding the five forces enables companies to regulate how economic value is created in the industry. Strategists must consider the five forces in keeping the overall industry structure in mind and must focus on structural conditions. Aside from the five forces, strategists must also take into consideration factors which affect industries namely the growth rate of the industry, technology and innovation, government policies and complementary products and services. An evaluation of an industry’s forces and factors may provide an understanding that industry structure constantly undergoes adjustments and such can change sporadically. Changes in the industry can originate from within the industry or it can be attributed to factors outside the industry. The outcomes of the changes in the industry can be an advantage or a disadvantage. The importance of understanding the five factors enables strategists to identify the framework of the industry thus they can expect such developments and anticipate the impacts of such changes i n the industry’s profitability. Such changes may include the shifting threat of new entry, changing supplier or buyer power, shifting threat of substitution and new bases of rivalry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The five competitive forces of Michael Porter specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The thorough understanding of forces, factors and changes in the industry allows strategists to plan out how companies should position themselves, exploit industry change, shape industry structure and define the industry. In developing strategy, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the forces which shape the competition of a given industry. The five forces expose the profitability of an industry and a thorough understanding of such together with the factors affecting the industry as well as the changes brought about justify such profitability. The five forces expose the most important features of an indus try’s competitive environment. A detailed understanding of the forces enables strategists to determine the standard strengths and weaknesses of a company in a given industry. The knowledge of industry structure helps managers shape strategies for companies to compete in the market. Works Cited Porter, Michael. â€Å"The Five Competitive Forces that Shape Strategy.† Harvard Business Review January (2008): 78 – 93. Web. This essay on The five competitive forces of Michael Porter was written and submitted by user Kylah C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stephen Edwin King - The King Of Terror

Stephen Edwin King - The King Of Terror The King of TerrorStephen Edwin King is one of today's most popular and best selling writers.King combines the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the paranormal,and detective themes into his stories. In addition to these themes, King sticks tousing great and vivid detail that is set in a realistic everyday place. Stephen Kingwho is mainly known for his novels, has broadened his horizons to different types ofwritings such as movie scripts, nonfiction, autobiographies, children's books, and shortstories. While Stephen King might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, someof his best work that has been published are his short stories such as "The Body" and"Quitters Inc". King's works are so powerful because he uses his experience andobservations from his everyday life and places them into his unique stories.Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, at theMaine General Hospital.Stephen King at the Harvard Book Store.Stephen, his mot her Nellie, and his adopted brother David wereleft to fend for themselves when Stephen's father Donald, a Merchant Marine captain,left one day, to go the store to buy a pack of cigarettes, and never returned. Hisfathers leaving had a big indirect impact on King's life. In the autobiographical workDanse Macabre, Stephen King recalls how his family life was altered: "After my fathertook off, my mother, struggled, and then landed on her feet." My brother and I didn'tsee a great deal of her over the next nine years. She worked a succession of continuouslow paying jobs." Stephen's first outlooks on life were influenced by his older brotherand what he figured out on his own. While young Stephen and his family moved aroundtheNorth Eastern and Central United States. When he was seven...

Name one of the subdisciplines of Psychology and describe it. Describe Essay

Name one of the subdisciplines of Psychology and describe it. Describe the DSM-IV. Why is Wilhelm Wundt an important figure in Psychology How does Behaviorism differ from Structuralism - Essay Example and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders which has been created and published by the APA (American Psychiatric Association and is manual that consists of information regarding to various mental disorders that are experienced by human beings (Rutherford, 2004, p.239). Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as the father of psychology and he has been regarded with such prestige because he was the creator of first laboratory for the field of psychology and separated psychology from philosophy and recognized that psychology was a separate field and had separate issues to solve through separate methods. It was his contribution that provided support to the formation of behaviorism and methods used by him to study psychology are still under operation. Behaviorism studies human behavior under the light of psychology, this means that behaviorists try to determine the reasons due to which human beings behave in a certain manner. Structuralism focuses on the fact that the aim of psychology is to interpret how environment impacts the consciousness of an individual and the changes in behavior exhibited by individuals when they come in contact with different

The Legend of John Henry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Legend of John Henry - Essay Example Recent interpretations include Disney’s short film John Henry and Julius Lester’s children’s book John Henry. Disney’s film pictures John Henry as a historical civil rights hero, a symbol of African American empowerment, while Lester’s book illustrates Henry as a Christ-like figure, attaching a more mystical connotation of the hero. The different interpretations of John Henry as a mythical hero in black folklore reveal how he has become the embodiment of black freedom, dreams, and strength. As these adaptations show, his name holds a symbolic power that allows audiences to appropriate his heroics according to their wish. This tale is presented differently in most of children literature versions. Walt Disney’s ‘John Henry’ film and Lester’s ‘John Henry’ book are examined., with a goal of determining if it is necessary for people to deviate from the original story when talking about this myth. In 2000, Walt Disn ey Studios created a film adaptation of the John Henry myth in which they transformed him into a selfless hero. This film was intended to introduce children to the â€Å"the doers and dreamers that made America great,† a knowledge Disney claims â€Å"no childhood should be without† (Website). A common feature of Disney adaptations of various fairytales, legends, and myths is the didactic messages that have been incorporated into them. In The Legend of John Henry, John uses his strength to benefit the people rather than have it displayed merely to demonstrate his own power. In this way, Disney tries to educate children on qualities they should develop within themselves. Placing John Henry before them as a role model, Walt Disney Studios attaches to him Western values, those that adults wish to instill in children of America. At the same time, the film can also be seen as Disney’s attempt to create a hero that children of African American descent can identify with and be proud of. John Henry is the first animated African American protagonist created by Disney (Web). The theme of the film is evident from the opening; it begins with the narrator, an African American woman, saying, â€Å"Let me tell you about my John Henry, who laid down his life for his dream† (film). The film goes on to portray Henry as an emancipated slave that swears never again to be in chains. At one point Henry tells his wife, â€Å"Polly, if they steal our dreams they put a chain around our souls, somebody’s got to stand tall, believe me† (film). The idea of Henry being a slave is not found in original variations of the legend, which focus more on his mythical upbringing and displays of strength. In this way Disney attempts to historicize Henry; as a slave contextualized within a specific time period he appears more real. This realism helps to verify the message of the story; the more believable the underdog legend appears the more powerful its mess age is to audiences. At the same time however, Disney also presents the idea that a hero’s reputation extends beyond the limits of his or her own reality. It is mentioned in the film that after John Henry joined the railroad gang, the rumors about his strength and achievements started growing. This referral separates the man from the myth while simultaneously maintaining the integrity and magic of the

We Real Cool Essay Example for Free

We Real Cool Essay 1) Rhyme Gwendolyn Brooks makes great use of rhyme throughout the poem. She uses words such as cool, school, sin, and gin (Brooks 684-685). These are rhymes that appear at the end of lines. The rhyme scheme used compliments the theme, since it is the directed to a young audience. It is known that Brooks is trying to attract a young crowd because she is talking about young people who are supposed to attend school. The poem has an up tempo beat, almost like a rap. This rap-like sound may also help to appeal young readers. 2) Literary Devices  But as if the rhyming werent enough, Brooks also uses alliteration, the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases, usually a consonant. â€Å"Lurk late. We†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strike straight. We† (684)  Sometimes the rhyming doesnt even stop with the two end words: â€Å"Sing† â€Å"sin† â€Å"thin† â€Å"gin† (685). She also uses dialect, a black dialect. 3) Theme This poem describes the lifestyle of young rebels. They are cool having left school, and die soon. The seven players in the poem were victims of self-destruction. Brooks makes the theme evident to the reader with the use of irony. The first line of the poem reads We real cool (684)and the last line read We die soon (685). So, in other words the pool players were too cool for their own good. Brooks expresses the way she feels about school drop outs in a short, yet forceful poem. 4) We Real Cool is very unique definitely has a powerful message behind it. Gwendolyn Brooks illustrates the essence of troubled teenagers who will eventually suffer the ill-fated possibility that life will render a human being if they continue the lifestyle of the streets — â€Å"Die soon†. The poem was written in 1950 (685) during the struggle for African-American civil rights messages and, to appeal to young African Americans of the time. It expresses the problems and also the dangers which affected the young African-American community; and it serves as a way to help the youth realize the ways of their problems and change themselves for their own good and the good of the community.

Development of the Korean film industry

Development of the Korean film industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This dissertation consists of six chapters. The first chapter gives a detailed background of the Korean Film Industry, its origin and development and how it has led to the so-called ‘Korean wave or ‘Korean fever†. It also explains this term in order to give a better understanding of the title. The next chapter consists of literature review, which will form the basis of the findings and the conclusion. The third chapter is a case study, I which the top films of Korea will be discussed and compared with some top Chinese films. The fourth chapter will go on to explain the methodology that will be used in this dissertation to facilitate the findings and arrive at the conclusion. It will explain the methods used in the research and the research questions around which the dissertation revolves. The third and fourth chapters will form the crux of this dissertation. The next chapter provides the findings and analysis of the study based on mostly on the literature review and the research method used. This chapter will deal with the analysis and evaluation of the Korean film industry with respect to the Chinese market and provide the answers to the research questions posed in the previous chapter. The last chapter, that is chapter six, will provide a conclusion, that is, a result of the findings and will be followed by recommendations to ensure that the Korean film industry continues to grow. 1.1 Background A countrys film industry represents the culture, and lifestyles of the people living in that country. The Korean fever or Korea wave is normally regarded as the substantially enhanced popularity of South Korean culture all over the world. Besides, it is regarded as Hallyu (Hangul:; Hanja RR: Hallyu), from the Korean pronunciation. In this connection, this term was coined in China in the middle of 1999 by journalists in Beijing, China, surprised by the rapid increase in the popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. The Korean film industry represents the film industries of North Korea and South Korea. While both these countries have relatively strong film industries, only the South Korean Industry has been able to achieve international acclaim and recognition. The North Korean film industry still revolves around topics like communism and revolutionary ideas. As is the case with all other industries and aspect of life in Korea, its film industry has also had to endure the heavy influence of political incidents. Be it the Joseon Dynasty or the Korean War, the governmental influence is evident in the Korean cinema. Since the beginning, the Korean film industry revolved around such scenarios as politics, wars, and even the activities of the government. A number of variables, such as the impact of the strategies undertaken by the most successful Hollywood film producers, the availability of a large budget, and the quality of the films produced in Korea, itself had a profound influence on the film industry of Korea. 1.2 Development of the Korean Film Industry The first movie theatre of Korea was established in 1903. Before the existence of this movie theatre, the European and American films kept the Korean film screens occupied. Not only this, but in the period 1926-1930, it was the Japanese who owned, and operated the Korean cinemas. It was during this time that a series of films were launched, that provided the beginning of quality films in China. Despite the fact that the film industry of Korea was at its peak in the 1950s, yet in the 1970s and 1980s with the countrys rapid economic growth, the Korean government was under pressure to liberalize is import policies and financial markets for all industries. The film industry had depended upon the quota system to gain screen time for its product and to make sure a certain amount of revenue. The production of the Hollywood blockbuster films, itself, was a continuous threat to the film industry of Korea, not only in terms of its decreasing market share, but also down to the question of its survival. The market share was witnessing a downward trend because the Korean films were produced with a low budget and low quality in the face of the blockbuster films produced by Hollywood. As a result, the market share had dropped to as low as 15% in the late 1980s. However, soon after that, the transformation of Korean film industry had started, and Korean cinema earned recognition as a commercial cinema outside the country after the success of the blockbusters, such as the film â€Å"Shiri†. The movie was produced in 1999, and captured an audience of approximately 5 million people, making it to the top of the South Korean films. The film was so successful that it broke the records for the all time favourite, â€Å"Titanic†, and welcomed the entry of the many film prod ucers who were keen to produce internationally repudiated films for Korea. In the process, the market share of the Korean films rose to 39.7%. A number of Korean films followed the league of â€Å"Shiri†, and the fact that the government had introduced a new legislation, allowing a two day weekend for the Koreans, gave rise to the success of the Korean cinemas. In the process, the film industry of Korea was reported to grow by approximately 18% each year, and according to a variety of sources, in a period of nine years only, the market share of the Korean films had grown from 15% to 45.2%. This was taken as a good omen by many of the most successful moviemakers of Hollywood who immediately stepped in the film industry of Korea, in order to obtain licenses so as to reproduce those Korean films that had been the most successful on the box office. In these connections, the relations between national cinema and history is refraction, fluid rather than reflection, and what is intriguing about contemporary Korean cinema is how the shared political history of the 1980s has become a commercial lure for the audience. Recently, the popularity of the Korean films, Korean music, and even Korean dramas has been increasing in Asia, with the Chinese being the major viewers of such Korean television programs. With such immense success and popularity of the Korean TV programs in countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, along with other parts of Asia, it is not unusual to find the influence of the Korean culture and traditions, as portrayed on the Korean screens, on the Asians. Due to this rapid spread of the Korean lifestyle, and culture in most of the Asian countries especially china, the Chinese used the word â€Å"Hallyu† to refer to the influence of Korean culture in other countries primarily through the media. This had been initiated by the broadcasting of â€Å"Daejanggeum†, a Korean drama, which made China the greatest victim of the Korean influence in 2005. Soon after, a number of articles on the new Korean wave began to be featured in journals, magazines, news papers, etc. It was even believed that the major reason for the Korean influence lies in the fact that the Korean government took advantage of the Korean screens to step out of the financial crisis, thus taking major steps to promote their film industry, and export their films. The fact that China and Korea share some similarities, not only in terms of their culture, but also down to civilizations and philosophies, explains such a deep impact of the Korean films on the Chinese. Today, both North Korea and South Korea have extremely flourished film industries. However, when it comes to global acclaim, it is undoubtedly film industry of South Korea which seems to capture the international market. The movies of North Korea focus more on rebellious, radical and insurgent themes. 1.2 Structure The aim of this research is to evaluate and analyze the relative success of the Korean film industry, and the influence of the Korean cultures in many of the Asian countries, especially China. The focus of this thesis is attempting to summarize and analyze whether and how this Korean wave is shaped in China mainland market and how it has impacted to Chinese audiences by critically commenting the latest top five Korean movies compared with the latest top five Chinese movies, reviewing the previous research findings and performing box-office performance analysis in the captured period. This will give information as to how the Korean film industry has impacted the population of China. It also aims to analyze the factors that have led to the Korean fever, and to what extent have the Chinese been influenced as the Korean traditions become prevalent in China, and other parts of Asia. The area of the research will mainly focus on the Korean film industry, as well as the film industry of China, since the top movies produced by both the countries will be compared. The area of the research will also include the other Asian countries, and the Korean cinema influence on their activities. The research objectives involve analyzing the performance of the Korean movies and the impact that they have had on Asian markets, in particular, China. The research methodology The data in this thesis is analyzed using a variety of sources. First of all, the box office performance is analyzed over the recent period, the data obtained from the Korean Film Council. The data captured from this source helped assess the market performance of the Korean films. The data is further broken down into sub-periods in order to evaluate the dynamics of the Korean films market performance. Finally, appropriate statistical techniques are used to assist our analysis. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Korean Wave The â€Å"Korean Wave† or hallyu ( í•Å"ë ¥Ëœ) refers to the time period of 1990s, when Korean culture was internationally visible, not only in East Asia but even countries like United States saw a rapid surge of Korean values. Television serials, pop music, feature films and other musical forms are all part of the wave phenomenon. As the Korean wave is associated with the spread of Korean culture, it is referred as both national and a trans-national phenomenon. A great number of researched have been conducted to evaluate why and how pop culture of Korea was famous in other countries. These two regarding the success of Korean wave are distinct but not so related to each other. When government use sales figures of other countries to measure the success of Korean wave, overseas consumers are considered the arbiters of Korean culture. This signifies the ironic impact of the success of Korean culture; not only people in Korea but non Korean consumers are also being entertained by the Korean media. Infact, it was a Chinese journalist who coined the term ‘Korean wave or (hanliu éŸ © æ µ ) to describe the surprising effect of the rapid increase in popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. Researchers believe that Korean wave is the interaction of many fields. The variable of pop culture existing in phenomenon of Korean wave has allowed it to be studied in cultural studys field (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008; Howard 2006). It is also studied along the dimensions of marketing and business, as government, promoters and corporate agents were selling the Korean culture as a commodity in the international arena. (Cho and Kang 2005; Han and Lee 2008; Kim and others 2008; Lee, Scott, and Kim 2008). It was also evaluated as being an important concept in the political arena. The Korean government undertook measures like subsidizing the cost of reediting for the international market. Such policies and regulations by government ensured that the Korean film industry expanded successfully in other countries. (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008, 28). Suddenly, Korean government started using pop star figures to attract tourists. (Yu-Shan Lin and Hwang 2008). 2.2 Growth of The Korean Culture In 2003, when a Korean drama serial ‘ Winter Sonata was broadcasted by Japaneses stations, it quickly became popular. Suddenly, yhe Korean mass culture gained popularity in Asian countries ( HAN, 2004:124-125) along with the word Hallyu. The word Hallyu was then associated not only with the rapid spread of Korean culture but also with the economc boom in Korea. According to G, a researcher at SAMSUNG Economic Research Institutute, Korean wave or Hallyu was developed through four stages. In the first stage, Korean culture became popular with the increased production of films, and dramas. Second stage signified the increasing demand of products associated with the famous pop idols. In the third stage, people moved on to buy Korean goods and services like electronic products which were not directly related to pop stars. People perceived a desirable impression of Korea in the fourth stage of Hallyus developmental; cycle. 2.3 Changes in Korean Domestic Market Okon Hwang and Hillary Finchum-Sung are two researchers who were concerned with the the effects of Korean Wave on the local market. Essay written by Okon Hwang title ‘No ‘Korean Wave Here: Western Classical Music and the Changing Value System in South Korea attempts to evaluate and analyze the positive impact of changing the flow of information on the successful expansion of a countrys culture. According to statistics, there has been a rapid increase in the Korean TV programs exported since 1988. This growth rate of export was more evident during the spread of Korean wave and with a sudden decrease in the foreign TV program in Korea. Since the launch of broadcasting industry in Koreas, majority of the shows broadcasted were American programs. Factors like lack of technical skills, experience and technological equipments hindered the production and the broadcast of local TV shows. The national broadcasting station of Korea was established in 1961, and since then it was dependent on foreign TV programs to fulfill the entertainment needs of the population. It was America that introduced TV sets, radio, transmitters and colored became possible when international firms gained a consensus to stop the manufacturing of monochrome TV sets. (JOUNG AND JANG, 2000:142) An audience rating survey in 1996 reflected that American programs were most popular among the Korean population. The time allotted to the broadcast of these shows increased till mid 1970s, after which more local TV programs were broadcasted. Although American TV shows like wonder women, six million dollar man, bionic woman were very popular during 1970s, but at the same time local shows increased in quality and the audience rating for them surged rapidly. A fall in the import of American TV programs was not only due to the improvement in production and broadcasting technology, but government regulations contributed significantly to reduce imports. An order of military government to broadcast limited number of shows resulted in a competitive race between the broadcasting stations where each and every station was striving hard to increase the ratings of domestic shows. The audience rating thereby, compelled broadcasting stations to improve the quality of local shows, develop a better infrastructure and acquire superior equipments. Moreover, Asian games and Olympics held in Seoul contributed a lot in increasing the audience rating of the local programs. While Korean TV shows gained popularity in 1980s, the market share of Korean films did not increase till 1990s. From the 200 movies that were produced during 1970s, only a few of them were able to break the records. Contrasting to the broadcasting industry, film industry produced movies since 1960s and was exposed to the stringent control and regulations by government. The government not only controlled the production and distribution facilities of films, but the censor department limited the freedom expression by controlling the content of movies. The establishment of the ‘law of cinema reduced the number of production firms from 70 to less than 20 and import restriction made it difficult to acquire imports without the permission of government. The year 1984 proved to be a turning point for the Korean film industry. It was during this year that censorship standards and import regulations were revised. Moviemakers were able to release movies simply after filling a permission fo rm and foreign films gained an entry in the Korean market escalating the competition level. CHANGES IN BROADCASTING REGULATIONS AND POLICIES: The following section has categorized the growth of Korean broadcasting industry into five stages and explains the policies of government during those stages. In the pre-takeoff stage, the TV broadcasting was not considered very important. A small number of studios existed and number of TV viewers was also limited. Authoritarian regimes existed in Korea during this pre-takeoff stage and throughout this time local media was used according to government objectives and mission. Only those dramas and movies were broadcasted which were I n line with the aims of the government. The interests of state were valued more than the interests of public( KWAK 2009). The government controlled the entry, the content and the distribution channels as well. The laws such as ‘practice outline, ‘administrative advice and ‘purification of the broadcast ensured that government controlled each and every stage of broadcasting from production to distribution of movies and dramas. In 1945, the Japanese movies, music and dramas were banned in Korea which compelled local broadcasting stations to improve the local dramas. During the transition from pre-take off to take off 1 stage, the broadcasting stations expanded rapidly, and government started imposing rules and regulations. The government control was also backed up by the military control of the government. In the takeoff stage 2, all stations were unified into two networks. In the maturity stage, the democratization of politics greatly affected the cultural industry. Commercial broadcaster entered the industry and government viewed this industry as a potential one in terms of supporting the economy. There was a shift in paradigm and government undertook several policies in 1990 to support the industry. Ownership for commercial broadcasting Outsourcing production programs was allowed Human resource training of broadcasting professional Participation in trade fairs was encouraged A broadcast video industry promotion plan was introduced All these policies supported the broadcasting industry to move from the maturity to the expansion stage. EFFECTS OF POLICIES The control of foreign flow of information and the supporting policies contributed immensely to the growth of the cultural industry. Allowing the outsourcing of production programs meant that there an increase in the independent production companies which created a competitive environment causing different station to find ways to increase the quality and standard of services if they were to remain in the industry. The infrastructure facilities supported the growth of small firms which handled operation for the independent companies. The ban of Japanese programs proved as an incentive for the local producers. However, some other government policies like increasing the participation in trade fairs was not effective as many negotiations were done outside the fair. The direct financial supported did not have any significant impact on the export of domestic programs as large proportion of it was given to the documentary programs. CHANGES IN THE FILM INDUSTRY This section has grouped the development of film industry in four stages. The film industry existed for many years unlike the broadcasting industry. Expanding the domestic market size of film industry proved to be difficult because of the different economic environment of the film industry. The advertisements were the most important source of revenue for the broadcasting industry, thereby it was related to economic development of country. However, the souce of revnue for the film industry was sales in box office and for that it was neccsary to produce some block buster movies. In the pre- takeoff stage, government introduce ‘ law of cinema to support the industry. It believed that it was important to increase the size of production companies and for that it restricted the entry in film industry. It became essential for companies to have a certaing amount of production facilities and equipments before they could enter. Moreover the policies related to censorship made it difficult to export film in foreign countries. In the take off stage, theatre entrance fees was increased, which contributed to the expansion of market size. Although the strict policies of censor existed as well as other governments controls, still the market was seen to expand with just the increase in entrance fees. In 1984, when restrictions were removed, the film industry moved to the maturity stage with number of film companies increasing, talented people were attracted and it appealed the electronic companies as well. Foreign distribution companies entered the local market, increasing the standard of competition. In the expansion stage, the quality of Korean movies increased significantly and various Korean movies won international awards. EFFECTS OF POLICIES. The introduction of screen quota system ensured that a certain budget and screening time was allocated to movies. The educational support by Korean Academy of Film Arts supprted the industry by providing talented actors. Indirect financial system such as loans proved to be an incetive for moviemakers. The foreign distribution policies such as supporting filmmakers to participate in international festivals helped in making global networks. 2.4 Positive Effects of the Korean Wave As mentioned above, Korean government contributed a lot towards the development of the Korean wave. The government aided the media industries, broadcasting stations and networks to expand and promote the Korean pop culture internationally. The main aim behind this action was to boost up the Korean economy and develop a positive national image. The government was successful in achieving both of the aims. Korean pop stars attracted attention of viewers all over the world. Korean government took advantage of their increasing popularity and used them to gain attention for other commercial sectors such as the tourism sector of Korea. The success of TV drams like â€Å"Winter Sonata† attracted tourist from around the world who visited Korea especially to see places where this drama was filmed. Businesses like travel agents were also taking advantage of the situation by customizing the themes of group tours according to the themes of different dramas for e.g. a tour was titled â€Å"Best of Korean drama trailer deluxe tour†. Pop idols or drama stars revolutionized the consumer culture of Korea. Food and fashion trends (including make-up, clothing) were changing and consumers all over Korea were suddenly following their favorite drama stars. Theses consumers called themselves the members of ‘Korean tribe. Consumers not only imitated the fashion style of their idols but went ahead to look like their idols with the help of plastic surgery. The posters and pictures of Korean stars were seen everywhere, from backpacks to notebooks and the wall. For example, Inlingua school in Singapore reported a 60% increase in the number of students willing to learn Korean in 2003 as compared to 2001 because of the attention generated by Korean movies and dramas. Almost every organization in the Korean economy benefitted from Korean wave. Pop stars were used to sell different goods and service. Celebrity endorsements were used extensively to promote superior brand image. Pop idols took advantage of their gaining popularity through several means. According to news, Actor Kwon Sang Woo charged $200 for some seats at a fan meeting in Tokyo. Tickets were also auctioned online for as much as $500. Moreover, according to a match making service, the role of pop stars as being romantic lovers led to the perception Korean men were generally like that in real life as well. It was due to this fact that more than 6400 female required match making services to find suitable Korean lover for them. The impact of the Korean wave was not only limited to the Korean economy, but it affected the lives of pop idols themselves. After Korean wave, Korean male celebrities like , Bae Yong Joon were one of the highest paid actors in the worldwide film industry. There are some positive impacts associated with the consideration of Korean wave as a transnational phenomenon. Apart from earning foreign currency for the local economy, it helped in improving the foreign relations of Korea. Korea had a long history of diplomatic frictions with the neighboring countries. Korean soldiers fought against the Liberation Army of Vietnam and it established ties with Beijing in 1992 at the cost of its relations with Taipei. 2.5 Negative Effects of the Korean Wave Korean wave has been criticized due to several reasons. It isbelieved that it was introduction of foreign films in Korean cinemas that threatened the Korean culture. According to a Chinese news magazine, government of South Korea was representing its culture as the essence of Asian culture. Before the Korean wave, classical music has been a part of cultural accomplishments and was a source of pride for the Korean population. But after the Korean wave, classical music and culture was suddenly replaced by the pop culture. Increasing Demand for the pop culture was no longer considered a problem and government exported it to foreign countries. There was an overall change in the conceptual framework as the Ministry of Sports and tourism promoted venues and advertising campaigns by incorporating classical and pop culture. Finchum-Sung explained how the dynamics of these new measures resulted in the formation of new form of cultural production. The neighbouring countries of Korea undertook several measures to protect their own entertainment industry. Chinese media limited the amount of time for the broadcast of Korean dramas. The government of Vietnam also threatened to ban Korean shows if the number of Vietnamese shows on Korean television was not increased. Taiwan also considered limiting the foreign shows played on national television. All these examples prove that countries were retaliating against the success of Korean wave. 2.6 The Korean Wave in China and Japan The development of the Korean wave phenomenon was most evident in China and Japan because of several reasons. The culture of Korea, China and Japan are very similar to each other. the Korean wave initially began in China, which is the most attractive and profitable market for the Korean products. Japan also happens to be the biggest consumer market of Asia. According to Jung, Japanese TV dramas were creatively transformed for the production of Korean dramas which contributed immensely to the increasing popularity of Korean dramas among young people all over Asia, including Japan and China (Iwabuchi 2008, 153). In fact the concept of Korean wave has generated a new dimension in the one way flow of globalization and researchers have been forced to revise it (Kim Sujeong 2009; Jeon and Yoon 2005). Korean wave is an appropriate example of mutual circulation of cultural values between the non-western countries. It questions the existing theories relating to the belief that information flows from western to non-western countries. According to the imperialism theory, capitalist societies of west have threatened the growth of non-western cultures and have homogenized them. (Schiller, 1976, 1991; Hamelink, 1983; Mattelart, 1984). Even during 1970s the unilateral structure of information flow was based on dependency theory suggesting that information was sent by First World countries and received by Third World countries. In 1980s, some new approaches developed with the growth of media in Korea. These new approaches extended the application of imperialism domination to the field of communication technology. However, this was also criticized by researchers, (Tomlinson, 1989 ; Friedman, Pieterse Hall) according to whom the information was not exchanged unilaterally. The imperialism theory was then replaced by globalization, which promoted a greater understanding of diverse cultures. (Friedman, 267. Pieterse also argues that the impact of non-western culture on west should not be ignored (Pieterse, 307~9). The growth of global television in 1990s contributed significantly to flow of information from Asian economies to western economies. (Barker, 1999). As the media in Asian markets grew, western TV programs were imported to these nations while at the same time TV programs of these nations were exported to western countries. Therefore Chan (2000) addressed that China could be a centre of this unique mass cultural expansion in Asian regions. 2.7 Factors Supporting the Korean Wave in China There are many contextual and textual factors that are thought by researchers to have facilitated the rapid expansion of the Korean wave in China. Contextual factors are all those which consist of the wider aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as the various changes in China which helped in the diffusion of Korean culture in China. These factors include the relationship between China and Korea, the cultural exchange in Asia, the reforms in the Chinese culture â€Å"industry† and the Chinese audience. On the other hand, the textual aspect has more to do with the strength of the Korean drama and includes factors like the similarity between the cultures of the two countries (resulting in an emotional involvement) and the fact that the Chinese audience see the Korean cinema as a mixture of traditional values with modern style, which adds to its appeal. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS Contextual factors consist of wide aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as varied changes in China, which supported the diffusion of Korean culture in china. Sino-Korean relations and cultural exchange within Asia There have been historical and geographical connections between China and Korea. The reltions between both the countries have been strained sice the communist regime. However in 1992, diplomatic relations improved leading to superior economic and cultural ties. Due to its open policy, china has always permitted the expansion of foreign culture in its region. Many cultures like Japanese, and Taiwan were imported to China.by 1990s, Korean culture also started spreading rapidly in China. China has been a hub of Confucianism for many years. Socialist culture was not a source of satisfaction for Chinese people. Western culture was also not popular among Chinese people. They did not accept Japanese culture

Perseverence Is the Key to Success

It is an apt saying that â€Å"fire is the test of gold and adversity, of man†. The key to success in any field is the perseverance of a human being. Success is like a ladder where the person steeping in to it has to undergo a lot of hard work to reach at the top. There would be many pitfalls and obstructions but the fruit will be surely sweet. Hence, one must not run away from perseverance rather should adopt in such a way that you are able to overcome your difficulties with it.Success in life doesn't come easily and there are many failures and hurdles for a person to clear before its achievement. The one undying quality every successful man in this world has is the quality of perseverance. It is this quality which makes even the seemingly impossible become possible. The dictionary meaning of perseverance is â€Å"Persisting in or remaining constant to a purpose, idea or task in spite of obstacles. † It is necessary to be wise while being perseverant about something. O ne should be clear about his/her priorities in life before choosing to persevere.At times you might not want to quit simply because you are perseverant by nature but it can be negative in some cases as you might be persisting on something which you actually don't want and sticking with it is simply hurting you. A person who is always hesitant, doubtful and backing over all issues in life will not be able to achieve anything substantial during the course of his/her life. It is the quality of wise perseverance that separates the average person from a genius. It is often observed and noted that genius often stems from an average dream but outstanding perseverance.Great things have come only to those who have persevered against the odds and dared to go beyond the established boundaries of his/her society. A desire can only take a real form when hard work to obtain it is persevered against all odds. There are some decisions in life when a person has to take a strong decision in order to overcome odd situations and circumstances. For this, one has to be mentally fit so that he or she is able to make sound decisions. Mental intelligence is of little importance when it comes to taking the biggest decisions arise.It is often seen that the mostly intelligent of people don't have the fortitude to take a bold decision and are often seen on the margins of a great achievement. The true power comes from persistence towards a fruitful goal. The ability to turn stumbling blocks into stepping stones makes the world respect you and push you towards the success you aspire for. Motivation plays a vital role in the constant persistence of a goal. If you are not motivated to achieve something, you are most likely to drop its pursuit half-way.It is essential to be passionate about the aim that you have set for yourself and constantly renew your motivation for it. The biggest success stories are of those who have endured all hardships and refused to give up the goal which in all sense s was wise to pursue. A positive mindset is an incomparable asset. The positive thinking and outlook is necessary for the success and development of an individual. Moreover, it helps you to overcome negative feelings and evils surrounding you and your work. If you feel that nothing can stop you from success and it will come to you eventually with hard work, it actually will.The world can never stop a determined man from getting his worth when he sets his mind to it. The ability to persevere stems from a great mind and makes the world recognize its greatness in due course of time. A man with perseverance can be easily distinguished from the group of people. Such a person has a different and unique personality which can impress the people surrounding him or her. You must have perseverance as a part of your personality if you wish to be known as a successful individual. A man of perseverance is certainly going to do well in his or her life if principle of perseverance

A Review On The Port Installations Architecture Essay

The move of the port installings to Punta Langosteira ( the outer port ) will enable a complete, original and functional re-thinking of the infinite made available. The bing industrial port?s reformation undertaking aims at bettering the sea forepart by presenting a bunch of originative and cultural industries ( cultural one-fourth ) in the metropolis Centre, as a accelerator for the metropolis and the three stages of the port. From this get downing point the thought is to recycle land that up to now was reserved for the port ‘s industrial activities and do it accessible for occupants to bask as new leisure countries. Commercial and culturally lead, green corridors and wide streets will all be projected to allow people come into direct contact with the sea. The site is Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay, at the southern terminal of the gardens M & A ; eacute ; ndez N & A ; uacute ; & A ; ntilde ; ez and the Rosaleda, separated from them by the adjoining edifices. The reconstructing foreseen will open the gardens up to the sea and will enable people to walk freely up to the H2O ‘s border, turning the lone dock that is perpendicular to the metropolis ‘s frontage into a brilliant screening point.Brief Outline of User Requirements:Taking into history the whole of the docks, the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has as a whole 219.6 estates for the different services. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages. Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates ) Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates ) Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates ) The convention Centre will be carefully thought out on the maestro program for as to where it will be situated, and so the remainder of the edifices will be arranged consequently and unite to do a Cultural Quarter ( 22 estates ) . The Cultural Quarter will incorporate a convention Centre, a public library, an exhibition infinite, a commercial Centre, a hotel, a athletics Centre, and a market topographic point. The Convention centres will be the cardinal edifice to the Cultural Quarter with adequate unfastened infinite to host public and private concern and societal events for its environing population country, and offer new chances to other concerns around Galicia and Spain. Enough floor country, and talk halls, will be provided to suit several thousand attendants and rent infinite for meetings such as corporate conferences, industry trade shows, amusements, an exhibition infinite and a concert hall.Proposed Location:Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South QuayOutside Advisers/clients to be used as beginnings of Mention:La Coru & A ; ntilde ; a metropolis council, and Port authorizationIntroductionSince the undertaking of the new Outer Port Facilities in Punta Langosteira, will be finished in 2012, all bing industrial activities in the port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a will be transferred during 2010 onto the new outer port, get downing with Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay , hence supplying extra land to the metropolis Centre. The port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, as focal point of the whole City, is critical to the publicity of European City aims. One grade of the European manner of civilisation is the concentration of civic, cultural and commercial life in metropolis centres, in a mode and manner related to the person and non to the auto. The port will make a prosaic friendly cultural one-fourth, and consolidate its place as a service and concern hub, which will go a oasis for tourers, concern work forces and with new utilizations for citizens. The environing country around the port contains a alone individuality and character with a contrast between new and old architecture. The graduated table and location of the port in relation to the metropolis besides highlights its importance and provides a safe and welcoming environment and contributed to turning A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a into a cosmopolite and forward-thinking metropolis.ContextOver the centuries, the coastline of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, a metropolis that looks out straight onto the Atlantic Ocean, exerted an resistless attractive force on Celts, Phoenicians and Romans. In the second century, they built the Tower of Hercules, today the universe ‘s lone working Roman beacon, the pride of the metropolis and declared as a World Heritage Site. In the ninth century, the metropolis suffered consecutive moving ridges of onslaughts by the Norman pirates. During the in-between Ages the population settled on the site that today is known as the Old Town. In 1208, Coru & A ; ntilde ; a received its metropolis charter from King Alfonso IX, who besides conferred a series of royal privileges on the metropolis. A twelvemonth after the Spanish Armada called in at the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a on its manner to occupy England, the Barbary pirate Francis Drake, a loyal retainer of Queen Elizabeth I of England attacked the metropolis, which was valorously defended by the people of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, led by the local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita. During the Gallic invasion, A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a was the lone metropolis that stood up to the invading military personnels. Particularly worthy of reference is the Battle of Elvi & A ; ntilde ; a, which took topographic point on 16 January 1809 and during which General Sir John Moore was fatally hurt whilst supporting the metropolis. Today his remains are buried in San Carlos Gardens. The 17th and 18th centuries were marked by intense trading activity with America and legion Spanish and European ports. The nineteenth century was a clip rapid economic, cultural and urban development, reflected in the gallery windows that line Avenida de la Marina, the Modernist edifices and the Kiosco Alfonso†¦ in the twentieth century, the metropolis became a hive of activity, concentrating on civilization, advancement and the hereafter. The sea, a changeless figure in the history of the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, is the first thing that strikes you when geting in the metropolis by sea, land and particularly by air. The arresting positions of the tidal estuary are genuinely unforgettable, but there is much more to detect.Old TownAs in every metropolis, the â€Å" Old Town † is an absolute must. Corners rich in history, squares where clip seems to hold stood still, such as Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras or Azc & A ; aacute ; rraga, lined with ancient trees†¦ you can besides look up to glorious illustrations of Romanesque art in the churches dotted around this one-fourth. Churchs like the Collegiate Church of Santa Mar & A ; iacute ; a del Campo, a brilliant illustration of the Ogival Romanesque manner ; the churches of Santiago, San Francisco, the convents of Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras and Santo Domingo are all true plants of art ; symbolic streets named after antediluvian clubs that transport us back in clip to a medieval and Baroque metropolis. In the Old Town you will happen absorbing antique stores, situated in a alone location wholly in maintaining with the objects they sell, every bit good as traditional tap houses and delicious eating houses. When dark falls this country is transformed into one of the hubs of the metropolis ‘s night life.From the Sea PromenadeThe Sea Promenade is the ideal point from which to get down researching the metropolis. It ‘s more than 13.5 kilometres, which make this the longest promenade in Europe, encircling the metropolis from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle to El Porti & A ; ntilde ; o. It has a bike lane, ropeway, route and prosaic paseo. Get downing from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle, you will be able to look up to the marina with its berthing positions and services, every bit good as the yachts and sailing ships that create a colourful sight all twelvemonth unit of ammunition.A metropolis to hold merriment inA Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has ever been noted for its outgoing and extravert character. Locals love to acquire out and about, basking an eventide amble, a shopping trip, traveling for tappa or meeting friends for a drink at the street caf & A ; eacute ; s in winter every bit good as in summer. In maintaining with Spain ‘s long-standing tradition of societal assemblages in caf & A ; eacute ; s, the metropolis ‘s occupants love to run into to chew the fat and discourse mundane events.The metropolis of glassIt ‘s good deserving taking the clip to research the metropolis Centre. Leave your auto and bask a amble around the streets, because this is a metropolis that is made for walking. The Centre forms the hub of the metropolis ‘s economic, commercial and cultural activity, with its busy port and sail line drive dock. The perfect get downing point and an absolute must on every visitant ‘s path is Plaza de Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita, site of the City Hall and watched over by the statue of local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita and the ageless fire. Yet possibly A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is best-known for its glass fa & A ; ccedil ; ade that looks out onto the sea in Avenida de La Marina, gallery Windowss which are likely the finest illustration of this typical component of Galician architecture. The colonnades offer legion street caf & A ; eacute ; s and eating houses.Back to the seaA alone location -a peninsula stick outing out into the olympian sea- has provided this metropolis with its chief beginning of wealth: the port, one of the most of import in Europe. Yet the port has non merely determined the economic development of this metropolis, but has besides contributed to organizing its unfastened, tolerant character, and the welcoming nature of its dwellers. The freshest fish and shellfish heterosexual from the Galician tidal estuaries, much appreciated throughout Spain, are delivered daily at first visible radiation to A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s fish market. Fishermans and shellfish gatherers take portion in the auction: a complex linguistic communication and signaling system, crates of fish, a odor of salt, fish and shellfish. Voices are raised in an effort to acquire the best monetary value. Sightss and sounds that are decidedly non to be missed. Several mottos have been used to specify A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: â€Å" the City of Glass † ; â€Å" the City where no 1 is a alien † ; â€Å" Balcony over the Atlantic † †¦ but possibly the 1 that best sums up the kernel of this metropolis is â€Å" A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: a metropolis to come back to † .Site ( physical context )Site pickAll the docks cover a surface country of 219.6 estates, including metropolis, fishing and industrial maps. There is a clear division between the north docks, chiefly for urban usage, and the south docks, which are more focussed on big premiss usage. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages. Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates ) Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates ) Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates )The selected siteThe location of the site is on stage one, which is of the topmost importance to the regeneration of the port, a cardinal get downing point for A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, to going a European metropolis, by presenting a accelerator ( cultural one-fourth ) for the metropolis and next communities. The location net incomes from brilliant permeableness and connectivity. The Rosaleda and Mendez Nu & A ; ntilde ; ez gardens rest beside the next listed and governmental edifices along the battery Quay. The edifices are the authorities deputation office, the marine military bid caput quarters, imposts chief office, the constabulary caput one-fourth, and Galicia ‘s port authorization caput quarters.Site informationThe site is besides located between the transatlantic quay where big sails Moor ( 54.575 riders last twelvemonth ) and Linares Quay ( 950 fishing boats last twelvemonth ) which holds A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a?s fish market which opens at 5am, at this clip of twenty-four hours the site gathers a peculiar and traditional odor of salt, fish and shellfish. The site is composed by three quays, Battery, Calvo Sotelo North and Calvo Sotelo South Quays all quays have rail paths. Battery quay is 277m long, with a draft of 11m and with two breadths of 23-55m. Its usage is for general goods, majorities and contains a roll-on/roll-off incline, with installings for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement and aluminum which are stored in seven cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The quay besides holds three commercial edifices Uni & A ; oacute ; n Fenosa Substation, Cement Silos Tudela Vegu & A ; iacute ; n and Aluminium Silos Alcoa Inespal and five official governmental edifices. Calvo Sotelo North Quay is 220m long, with a draft of 11-13m and a breadth of 20m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with two electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are maritime and fishing installings an functionary edifice which is the Port Authority Vigilance Service and one commercial edifice, Tide graph of the Geographic and Property Values Institute. Calvo Sotelo South Quay is 420m long, with a draft of 7-10m and a breadth of 40m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with four electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are besides maritime and fishing installings with a Cold-store Fruit Terminal Installations for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement, oils and fats pumping and vegetational oils pumps which are stored in 13 cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The site has two big warehouses and five commercial edifices Cement silos, Oil silos, Oils and fats silos, Transformation house of brotherhood FENOSA and Port authorization transmutation House. All the belongingss ( except the listed governmental edifices ) along the three quays are prefabricated warehouses ; each person edifice will be dismantled and taken over to the new outer port by the terminal of 2010. The lone staying edifices on the site will be the five listed authorities edifices, four cylindrical armored combat vehicles and six Cranes of 6tm.Ocular impactsThe combination of all three quays creates an impressive ocular impact due to the sheer size of the site. There are several ocular impacts between the graduated table of the edifices in the metropolis Centre and the narrow streets in relation to the huge broad plane along the site with big freak constructions such as the Cranes and oil oilers, and vass that berth along the quays. When walking along the metropolis you feels warm, sheltered, and safe but when you walk along the quays it ‘s wholly the antonym you feel intimidated by the milieus, entirely, little, cold, and lost when confronting towards the At lantic Ocean. These feelings are all generated by the characteristic beauty of the site, such impressive feelings caused due to the different graduated tables and huge ocular spreads towards the metropolis, port and the Atlantic Ocean.Designation of any bing jeopardiesLand conditions and jeopardiesAll three quays were built in 1927, a fixed platform, on piles. Since the intent of the quays are for storage countries with warehouses, and its aim is to unload and reload vass every bit rapidly as possible, the site is kept in good conditions, and any fixs are dealt with every bit shortly as possible, to cut down holds during the burden and unloading of the vass.TidesMaximum tidal movement/range: 4,50 m Quay walls with regard to the 0 of the maximal tidal tally: 6.50m Significant moving ridge height with a return period of 50 old ages: 11 m If there were moving ridges of up to 11m in the harbour country, moving ridges would be a jeopardy on the site. Since there was a little possibility of any tidal jeopardies, the quays were constructed with a little joust from the Centre of the quay towards the H2O border to coerce the H2O to run off back into the Atlantic Ocean. Given the current usage of the port is industrial the current air quality, noise, and light pollution are somewhat high. Although most of the noise pollution created on site are inside the warehouses, with 80+ dubnium ( A ) the chief route that runs along the dorsum of the site with 65 dubnium ( A ) and the countries where they load and download goods with 55 dubnium ( A ) and some countries with less than 45db ( A ) . The site creates no waste of residues, and little sums of light pollution since plants are done during the twenty-four hours. The air quality is somewhat higher since the fish market is following to the site.Environmental FactorsClimateWind form Predominating: N.E. Dominant: Second. The site?s clime is temperate maritime and to a great extent determined by the Atlantic Ocean ; nevertheless it does expose some features of a Mediterranean clime. Autumn and winter are frequently unsettled with temperature norms of 13 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and up to 19 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and unpredictable, with strong air currents and abundant rainfall off up to 600mm, coming from Atlantic depressions and it is frequently cloud-covered. The ocean supports temperatures mild, and hoar and snow are rare. In summer, it is rather dry and cheery with lone occasional rainfall ; temperatures are warm off up to 22 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss but seldom uncomfortably hot due to the sea ‘s cooling influence during the twenty-four hours. Spring is normally cool and reasonably composures. The site is to a great extent influenced by the clime, Sun visible radiation and twenty-four hours light since there are no next edifices for shelter or cut downing the strong air currents that penetrate the site freely from the South or north E.Design factors and chances and restrictions of the siteConservationThe site will incorporate 5 class 1 listed edifices, 4 grade 2 listed cylindrical armored combat vehicles, the rail paths and 6 Cranes which will be left one time all the bing installings are moved to the outer port. All listed edifices contain private gardens environing the belongings, consent will be necessary to integrate their land to the site and let a ocular and prosaic permeableness on the site. Urban design policies in the Local Development Frame Work ( LDF ) will be taken into history during the designing phase.MaterialsThe glass galleries on the Marina Avenue run perpendicular to the site, this architectural linguistic communication will play an of import function wi thin my design. The facade intervention will implement different combinations of nothingnesss, solids, coloring material, and texture to unify itself with the bing linguistic communication of the metropolis. Galicia?s have ever said that Windowss are picture frames.Site AccessAt the minute the site has a restricted entree for vehicles unless you are an employee, but prosaic entree is allowed on the port except the countries which are in private ain by companies, such as warehouses. The site contains two chief entree roads ; one is located on Lineras Rivas Avenue for big lorries, Cranes, and trucks and the other entree point is on the transatlantic quay for private vehicles. There is an bing rail paths that runs through the whole of the port and into each single quay, which is presently used to travel the Cranes along the quays and to transport transporting containers, and goods straight to the goods station of RENFE in San Diego ( the station inside the port ) . From this station depart the two available lines to Madrid ( Santiago-Ourense-Zamora and Lugo-Le & A ; oacute ; n-Palencia ) , with connexions to Ferrol, Vigo and Portugal. The chief train station of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is San Cristobal a 10 min drive by coach ( line1 ) from the port and has regular long-distance lines to Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Ir & A ; uacute ; n, besides regional connexions to the remainder of Galicia. The seaport entryway is orientated to the North, with a breadth of 800m and a deepness of 21m and a maximal registered current of 0 knots. Pedestrian entree is located every 300m through electronic Gatess ; the Gatess are unfastened every twenty-four hours from 5am boulder clay 5pm. All the Gatess along the port have bus Michigans with line 1 which takes you around the metropolis Centre ; bus frequence is every 20 min to supply easy entree to the port. The site is merely 20m off from the ferry/cruise terminus ; direct entree is possible by auto and walking. The port besides has its ain fire station, police caput quarters, gasoline station and a little infirmary.BriefAn lineation briefThe move of the port installings to Punta Langosteira ( the outer port ) will enable a complete, original and functional re-thinking of the infinite made available. The bing industrial port?s reformation undertaking aims at bettering the sea forepart by presenting a bunch of originative and cultural industries ( cultural one-fourth ) in the metropolis Centre, as a accelerator for the metropolis and the three stages of the port. From this get downing point the thought is to recycle land that up to now was reserved for the port ‘s industrial activities and do it accessible for occupants to bask as new leisure countries. Commercial and culturally lead, green corridors and wide streets will all be projected to allow people come into direct contact with the sea. Cultural quarters are a manner of explicitly associating the growing of originative industries with urban regeneration aims. The convention Centre will be at the terminal of Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay facing towards the Atlantic Ocean, the remainder of the edifices will be arranged consequently and all unify to do a Cultural Quarter ( 22 estates ) . The Cultural Quarter will incorporate a convention Centre, a public library, an exhibition infinite, a commercial Centre, a hotel, a athletics Centre, and a market topographic point. The Convention centre will be one of the cardinal subscribers to the economic and cultural verve of the Cultural Quarter with adequate unfastened infinite to host public and private concern and societal events for its environing population country, and offer new chances to other concerns around Galicia and Spain. Enough floor country, and talk halls, will be provided to suit several thousand attendants and rent infinite for meetings such as corporate conferences, industry trade shows, amusements, an exhibition infinite and a concert hall.A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a?s metropolis and concern chanceA Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s current population consists chiefly on ages between 40-80+ , most of the towns around A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a are dyeing due to the rapid decrease of angling industries in little towns, the undertaking aims at bettering the current population in A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a and offers a concern chance. These chances consists of four incorporate elements all of which ar e present, a demand, the agencies to carry through the demand, a method to use the agencies to carry through the demand and a method of benefit. As a modern, functional Convention Centre, it ‘s destined to go the new hub for the fiscal operations of the regional concern community. It will besides heighten the cultural and societal cloth of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a and go a major tourer attractive force. Creative workers will be given to congregate in mixed-use vicinities with chances to work, unrecorded and socialise in one environment. The denseness of communicating and interaction in this environment allows people to quickly portion thoughts, learn and bring forth a worm community.SustainabilityA sustainable metropolis is a liveable metropolis, peculiar and created by its dwellers, in melody with its local clime, civilization and operations. The creative activity of a generic solution is hence merely possible on a really abstract degree, and the coevals of a method for a sustainable metropolis merely interesting and valuable when applied to a existent universe scenario. The maestro plan?s construct will be developed for an attack to sustainable determination devising for plan ( denseness, type, distribution etc ) , mass, logistics, and quality of environment. Using this needfully becomes a procedure instead than merely a set of regulations.Expectations on the quality to be achieve dThe architectural attack to plan the convention Centre will be a softer, more fluid, sculptural mode. The undertaking and maestro program will make a beautiful working environment, for employees and new/existing communities, and take advantage of its location, non merely physically but besides visually and increase its natural beauty with green infinites, green corridors, difficult and soft landscapes, unfastened activities and direct entree to the H2O border. The internal plan and construction has to be carefully planned out so that all internal and external infinites relate to each other in an orderly mode, so that the prosaic flow is simple and big groups can travel through the edifice easy. Due to the location of the site and its exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, salt, enduring, eroding, air current, solar, north and south confronting frontages particular considerations will be made on the quality of the stuffs and coatings to forestall extra hereafter costs. The edifice has to hold a crisp high quality coating. The ocular impact is really of import for the edifice as it will be stand foring the metropolis worldwide. It ‘s of import that the convention Centre, and the cultural one-fourth has a strong relationship with the metropolis, so that they become a individual community. The maestro program will be arranged so that edifices provide a sense of protection like in the metropolis Centre, and the unfastened infinites will seek to stand for the current feeling of the site, with huge unfastened infinites. A great event is all in the inside informations.A diagrammatic analysis of the functional countries and their relationshipsThe chief entryway leads you straight onto a convention square/ exhibition infinite and the administrative offices. The ball room/concert hall is located near the entryway due to its plan and opening times. This type of agreement creates an entryway hub were after working hours the convention Centre could shut its chief sectors of the edifice and still run swimmingly when the ball room is in usage. Beside the chief entryway is the chief anteroom, sofa and concern Centre. The concern Centre is composed of several degrees of unfastened program floors for companies and trim office infinite for day-to-day rental infinite, the concern Centre would be unfastened 24/7 therefore it needs to be near to the entryway hub. The edifice plan contains three paths: the first path leads to the chief auditorium, the 2nd path leads you to the chief eating house, and the 3rd path le ads you to the chief exterior exhibition space/public square. The first path is linked by a short gallery paseo that leads you to the chief auditorium anteroom and auditorium. On the gallery paseo there is direct entree to the hotel or adjustment units. A little ( national ) ferry terminus could be incorporated to the hotel along the Calvo Sotelo North or south quay, to boot, there will be 6 lading docks, offering direct drive-on entree into exhibit halls. The 2nd path is linked by the chief gallery paseo that leads you to the chief eating house which will keep up to 200 seats, with a private entree point. The eating house will be buffet or a la menu. The chief gallery paseo besides leads you to the exhibition halls 1-4 ; one of the four exhibition halls will hold a system of movable walls to change over a individual hall into two single halls. Each hall will hold its ain services such as lavatories. The 2nd auditorium is following to the chief eating house which is besides linked by the chief gallery paseo, above the 2nd auditorium there is a patio meeting room, and two twenty-four hours eating houses and four jailbreak blocks to loosen up prior or after each convention. The jailbreak blocks will hold positions towards the metropolis Centre, or the Atlantic Ocean to make a peaceable environment to loosen up in. The 3rd path takes you onto an exterior exhibition space/public square were anyone can go to any convention. There will be lasting sculpture pieces set on the exterior infinite. The convention Centre will offer big immediate exhibit infinites. The construction of the edifice needs to be carefully studied, streamlined columns will be used to cut down the maximal figure of columns and supply a column-free infinite in selected countries. One of the exhibit halls will hold to supply a flexible infinite, glass-enclosed with sweeping positions of the metropolis Centre, seaport, and the Atlantic Ocean with an industry standard event floor, so that the room becomes flexible for any type of event, and activity runing from upscale responses to exhibits. The edifice will besides feed signifier all the environing edifices such as the chief hotel, the public library, the athletics Centre, the commercial Centre, an exhibition infinite and the market place/square. The maestro program will hold restricted entree for vehicles, and motor rhythms merely. Except constabulary, ambulances, fire brigade, disable vehicles, and all other services to the edifices such as care, bringings etc. There will be a chief parking hub to serve all edifices, the parking hub will be sheltered and the roof will go portion of the landscape. The hub will be connected with a frequent ropeway line that runs through the site and Michigans in each person edifice, the ropeway will utilize the bing rail path line on the site. List of major suites in the convention CentreConvention squareAdministration officesMain anteroom, sofaBusiness CentreGallery paseosBall room/concert hallHotelFerry terminusExhibition hall 1A -1BExhibition hall 2,3,4Auditorium anteroomMain auditoriumsAuditoriums 2Main eating house ( siting 200+ )Day restaurant 1Day restaurant2Breakout block 1-4Terrance meeting roomThere will be one chief entryway and two secondary entrywaies. All the suites are spread over 3 floors, and linked by a chief gallery paseo.Analysis of the brief with relation to the siteThe benefits for A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a The maestro program will bring forth a sustainable procedure and regulations which will subsequently be applied to the convention Centre and the remainder of the Cultural Quarter edifices. The proposal will offer a choice cultural one-fourth that embraces the metropolis with a dedicated bunch of originative and cultural industries, and public infinites. Adding character to the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a with new chances to work and socialise in one environment. The undertaking will consolidate A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a?s repute as a cultural finish while supplying an iconic architectural image for the metropolis. Phase 2 and 3 will be chiefly social/private lodging offering the metropolis and the cultural one-fourth with a new lodging community near the metropolis Centre. All three stages will cultivate, adapt and make a balance community to the altering demands of the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, and Galicia.The Cultural One-fourth:Enrich our cultural life by pulling internationally acclaimed public presentations and exhibitions ;Raising local humanistic disciplines endowment and make more chances for humanistic disciplines groups ;Enhance international cultural exchange ;Put a Coru & A ; ntilde ; a on the universe humanistic disciplines and civilization map ;Supply state-of-the-art public presentation locales and museums ;Offer more picks to humanistic disciplines frequenters ;Encourage creativeness ;Enhance the seaport forepart ;Attract abroad visitants ; andCreate occupations.Design issuesExisting undertakings and the subjects of the solutions, which identify the architectural q ualities of the undertakingWest Kowloon Cultural District: An icon for civilization and leisureA new cultural territory for Hong KongThe West Kowloon Cultural District ( WKCD ) will be a landmark development that enhances Hong Kong ‘s place as a universe metropolis of civilization. The new cultural territory will convey together a vivacious mix of acting and ocular humanistic disciplines. The 40-hectare waterfront site will be both a collector's item for urban design and a meeting point for the local and international humanistic disciplines communities. In this bunch of locales and unfastened infinite, long-run commercial, community and cultural partnerships will promote a lively humanistic disciplines scene for coevalss to come. Based on the rule of â€Å" partnership † , the WKCD will be â€Å" community-driven † and â€Å" people-oriented † . A expansive canopy, supplying shadiness and shelter for the installations below, will do the composite a new Hong Kong icon. With its sinuously fluxing signifier, this characteristic was, in February 2002, chosen by an international jury from over 160 entries as the victor of an international construct program competition. It was adopted as the footing for ask foring proposals from the market in September 2003. By June 2004, five proposals had been received, three of which met the basic demands. These proposals are now being assessed.The nucleus installationsThree theaters with at least 2,000, 800 and 400 seats severally ;A public presentation locale with at least 10,000 seats ;A bunch of four museums at least 75,000 square meters in size ;An art exhibition Centre at least 10,000 square meters in size ;A H2O amphitheater ;At least four plaza ; andA canopy covering at least 55 % of the development country.Other high spotsThe territory will incorporate commercial and residential develo pment into the humanistic disciplines, cultural and leisure installations. This incorporate attack will guarantee more visitants and convey benefits to all the sectors involved. The territory will hold at least 20 hectares of parkland and public unfastened infinite, an country larger than Victoria Park. The waterfront promenade will be 50 % longer than the promenade from the Tsim Sha Tsui clock tower to the Hong Kong Coliseum. An machine-controlled people mover will associate the major installations within the territory while public conveyance will associate the territory with the concern bosom of Kowloon. Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.archicentral.com/norman-foster-to-help-design-cultural-hub-in-hong-kong-22437/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hplb.gov.hk/wkcd/eng/publ†¦ tion/intro.htmSan Diego Convention CentreThe San Diego Convention Center is the primary convention centre in San Diego, California. It is located in the Marina territory of downtown San Diego near the Gaslamp Quarter, at 111 West Harbor Drive. The centre is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation, a non-profit public benefit corporation. The convention centre offers 57,200 m? of exhibit infinite. As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention installation in North America. [ 1 ] It was designed by Canadian designer Arthur Erickson. Capacity for the installation is 125,000. [ 1 ] The centre ‘s most distinguishing characteristic is the Sails Pavilion, a 90,000 square pes exhibit and particular event country. The Sails Pavilion ‘s roof consists of typical Teflon-coated fibreglass â€Å" canvass † intended to reflect San Diego ‘s maritime history, every bit good as to publicize the centre ‘s propinquity to the San Diego shore. The Pavilion was originally built as an alfresco installation under the roof. However, the centre found it difficult to convert possible users to book an alfresco installation, so the Pavilion country was enclosed in glass, greatly spread outing the useable country of the centre. [ 2 ]Reid, Calvin ( July 27, 2009 ) . â€Å" Soldout in San Diego: Another Booming Comic-Con † . Publishers Weekly ( Reed Elsevier Inc. ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6673130.html. Retrieved 27 July 2009By Wright, Gordon Publication: Building Design & A ; Construction Date: Monday, Januar y 1 2001 â€Å" Buttoning up † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.allbusiness.com/construction/nonresidential-building-construction/7460303-1.htmlInformation gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Convention_CenterDavid L. Lawrence Convention CenterThe David L. Lawrence Convention Center ( DLLCC ) is a 1,500,000-square-foot ( 139,000m2 ) convention, conference and exhibition edifice in business district Pittsburgh in the U.S. province of Pennsylvania. Completed in 2003, it sits on the southern shoreline of the Allegheny River. It is the first LEED-certified convention centre in North America and one of the first in the universe. [ 1 ] It is owned by the Sports & A ; Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. [ 2 ]AbstractionDesigned by Rafael Vi & A ; ntilde ; oly Architects, P.C. , Dewhurst MacFarlane & A ; Spouses and Goldreich Engineering P.C. , the $ 354 million riverfront landmark contains 29,100m2 of exhibit infinit e 22,000m2 of which is column-free, 7,100m2 of extra exhibit infinite, 2,940m2 dance hall, 51 meeting suites, two 250-seat talk halls, teleconferencing and telecommunications capablenesss and 420m2 of retail infinite. The designer, Vi & A ; ntilde ; oly, began the design with a end in head of accomplishing the position of a â€Å" green † edifice. In 2003, the edifice was awarded Gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) enfranchisement by the U.S. Green Building Council. [ 1 ] The convention centre is home to outstanding conventions, such as Anthrocon, the Pittsburgh RV Show, Pittsburgh Boat Show, Pittsburgh Home and Garden Show, Piratefest, and the acclaimed Pittsburgh International Auto Show.â€Å" David L. Lawrence Convention Center. † . David L. Lawrence Convention Center. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pittsburghcc.com/cc/ . Retrieved October 10, 2009.â€Å" History † . www.pgh-sea.com. Sports & A ; Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. 9/1/09. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pgh-sea.com/history.htm.Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Lawrence_Convention_CenterBarcelona International Convention Center ( CCIB )The International convention centre is located in the metropolis Centre of Barcelona and was completed in 2004 ; with a floor are 67000 m? . The designer is Mateo Arquitectura, illuming interior decorator Biosce & A ; Botey, structural applied scientist B rufau, Obiol, Mayo & A ; Ass and the client is Barcelona?s council. This multi-purpose cultural edifice includes a really big auditorium, a multi-functional acting infinite, exhibition infinites, meeting suites, and a eating house and anteroom, in add-on to proficient services, lading docks, storage infinites, and auto parking on two degrees. It was portion of the controversial 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures in Barcelona and has 45 translucent halls, spread over 3 floors, 2 first balconies and a cellar. The CCIB and the adjacent edifice Forum Auditorium ( by Swiss designers Herzog and De Meuron ) , are linked to each other by a 20-meter-wide belowground paseo. Mateo ‘explains ‘ : â€Å" I have gone back to loving the preciseness of Fe: normal, but monstrous, commonplace but non domestic, superhuman. The mega construction is seen proudly in the East fa & A ; ccedil ; ade, opposite the elegant adjacent trigon. The castanetss are covered in the remainder of the edifice. † Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mimoa.eu/projects/Spain/Barcelona/International % 20Convention % 20Center % 20 ( CCIB )Vancouver Convention Centre WestThe Vancouver convention Centre has a harbour forepart location and breathless positions ; the Vancouver Convention Centre offers one of the most beautiful scenes in the universe. The add-on of our new West Building has tripled our capacity, for a combined sum of 43,800 m? of meeting, exhibition, dance hall, and plenary theater infinite. Both the East and West Buildings are designed as a series of faculties to offer the highest grade of flexibleness. This new combination besides allows us to keep coincident events, each with their ain separate entree and map infinite. Add first category culinary art, the most advanced engineering and an exceeding sustainability authorization and your event is certain to be nil less than remarkable.AbstractionInspiration can come from about anyplace. That ‘s why we ‘ve tried to transfuse as many animating experiences into our installation as we can. Not merely will your meeting take topographic point in one of the most alone scenes in the universe, but the edifice itself has been designed from top to bottom to open heads and provender imaginativenesss. A figure of sustainable patterns and environmentally-conscious design characteristics make the Vancouver convention centre one of the greenest convention centres in the universe. Information gathered from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vancouverconventioncentre.com/thefacilities/

Steps to Avoiding Plagiarism Essays

Steps to Avoiding Plagiarism Essays Steps to Avoiding Plagiarism Paper Steps to Avoiding Plagiarism Paper Nowadays, copying and pasting from somebody else’s works, thoughts, ideas is strictly prohibited without citing. It is called plagiarism. According to copyright law established in 1989, any works created after this year will automatically be protected. Neither individuals nor organizations can steal ideas from published works. In fact, there is a high percentage that college and high school students actually violates copyright rules by copying sentences from internet source without footnoting. Of course, there is a strong action prevents plagiarism in every institutions. George Mason University is not an exception. Mason students have to be completely honest and responsible when it comes to plagiarism; otherwise, that individual will receive a penalty upon their action. Before going deeper to the consequences, let’s compare George Mason University honor code with other online sources such as: 123helpme.com, plagiarism.org, etc. by defining plagiarism, how to prevent pla giarism in academic and last but not least, punishment of plagiarism. According to dictionary, plagiarism is copying another’s works, thoughts, and ideas. The definition sounds simple; however, there are several ways to approach this definition. George Mason’s honor code basically lists all the possible ways that you can do to be a plagiarist. For example: submit other’s work as your own, poor paraphrasing, lack of proper citations, copy from internet source without citing (Mason Honor Code). Plagiarism.org website describes more detail with the Honor Code about the definition of plagiarism the improper use, or failure to attribute, another persons writing or ideas (intellectual property). It can be as subtle as the inadvertent neglect to include quotes or references when citing another source or as blatantly unethical as knowingly copying an entire paper verbatim and claiming it as your own work.1 The last source 123helpme.com approaches plagiarism in the s

Presidents Who Were Masons

Presidents Who Were Masons There are at least 14 presidents who were Masons, or Freemasons, according to the secretive fraternal organization and presidential historians. The list of presidents who were Masons includes the likes of George Washington and Theodore Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman and Gerald Ford. Truman was one of two presidents- the other was Andrew Jackson- to achieve the rank of grandmaster, the highest ranking position in a Masonic lodge jurisdiction. Washington, meantime, earned the highest possible position, that of master, and has a Masonic memorial named after him in Alexandria, Virginia, whose mission is to highlight the contributions of Freemasons to the nation. American presidents were among many of the nations most powerful men who were members of the Freemasons. Joining the organization was seen as a rite of passage, even a civic duty, in the 1700s. It also got some presidents into trouble. Here is a complete list of presidents who were Masons, drawn from the organizations own records as well as the historians who chronicled its importance in American life. George Washington Washington, the nations first president, became a Mason in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1752. He has been quoted as saying, The object of Freemasonry is to promote the happiness of the human race. James Monroe Monroe, the nations fifth president, was initiated as a Freemason in 1775 before he was even 18 years old. He eventually became a member of the Masons lodge in Williamsburg, Virginia. Andrew Jackson Jackson, the nations seventh president, was considered a devout Mason who defended the lodge from critics. Andrew Jackson was loved by the Craft. He was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee and presided with masterly ability. He died as a Mason should die. He met the great Masonic foe and fell calmly beneath his silent blows, it was said of Jackson at the installation of a monument on his behalf in Memphis, Tennessee. James K. Polk Polk, the 11th president, began as a Mason in 1820 and achieved the rank of junior warden in his jurisdiction in Columbia, Tennessee, and earned the royal arch degree. In 1847, he helped in a Masonic ritual of laying a cornerstone at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., according to William L. Boyden. Boyden was a historian who wrote Masonic Presidents, Vice Presidents, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. James Buchanan Buchanan, our 15th president and only commander-in-chief to be a bachelor in the White House, joined the Masons in 1817 and achieved the rank of district deputy grand master in his home state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Johnson Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, was a loyal Mason. According to Boyden, At the cornerstone laying of the Baltimore Temple some one suggested that a chair be brought to the reviewing platform for him. Brother Johnson refused it, saying: We all meet on the level. James A. Garfield Garfield, the nations 20th president, was made a Mason in 1861in Columbus, Ohio. William McKinley McKinley, the nations 25th president, was made a Mason in 1865 in Winchester, Virginia. Todd E. Creason, founder of the Midnight Freemasons blog, wrote this about the understated McKinley: He was trusted. He listened much more than he spoke. He was willing to admit when he was wrong. But McKinley’s greatest character trait was his honesty and integrity. He twice turned down the nomination for President because he felt each time that the Republican Party had violated its own rules in nominating him. He squashed the nomination both times-something a politician today would probably view as an unthinkable act. William McKinley is a very good example of what a true and upright Mason should be. Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 26th president, was made a Freemason in New York in 1901. He was known for his virtue and refusal to use his status as a Mason for political gain. Wrote Roosevelt: If you are a mason you will of course understand that it is expressly forbidden in masonry to attempt to use the order in any way for anyone’s political advantage, and it must not be done. I should emphatically object to any effort so to use it. William Howard Taft Taft, the 27th president, was made a Mason in 1909, just before becoming president. He was made a Mason at sight by the grand master of Ohio, meaning he did not have to earn his acceptance into the lodge like most others do. Warren G. Harding Harding, the 29th president, first sought acceptance into the Masonic brotherhood in 1901 but was initially blackballed. He was eventually accepted and held no grudges, wrote John R. Tester of Vermont. While president, Harding took every opportunity to speak for Masonry and attend Lodge meetings when he could, he wrote. Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 32nd president, was a 32nd Degree Mason. Harry S. Truman Truman, the 33rd president, was grand master and 33rd degree Mason. Gerald R. Ford Ford, the 38th president, is the most recent to have been a Mason. He began with the fraternity in 1949. No president since Ford has been a Freemason.