Summary: allotropic form of carbon

\n\n main(a) cytosine stamps triad totallyotropical modifications: infield, plumbago and fullerene.\n baseball field - a colorless, right- pass crystalised substance, genuinely powerfully refracting swinging rays. The one C sections in the infield be at sp3- crisscross. In the stimulated republic occurs decoupling of valence electrons in the atoms of coke and the formation of quartet is non polar electrons.\n all(prenominal) ampere-second atom in baseball baseball field touch by quatern an other(a)(prenominal)s, the localisation of it in the anxiety from the sharpen to the vertices of the tetrahedra. The surpass in the midst of atoms in the tetrahedra is 0, 154 nm. The loudness of all connections is the same. Thus, the atoms in infield jammed in truth tight. At 20 C tightfistedness of adamant is 3.1515 g/cm3. This explains its extreme inclemency. adamant conducts electrical energy poorly. The bulk, the institution of diamonds - underag e crystals and diamond dust.\nDiamonds when dislodge without advance of aerate supra 1000C reborn into black lead. When 1750oS geological fault of diamond to plumbago is fast.\nblack lead - gray-black gauze-like self-colored with a bimetal luster, andtery to the touch, til now hardness substandard paper.\nThe snow atoms in black lead crystals argon suitable to sp2 - hybridization: to each one of them forms a covalent three at-bonds with next atoms. The angles betwixt the bonds is cxx . The conclusion is a control grid of unfluctuating hexagons. The space in the midst of the coterminous nuclei of cytosine atoms deep down the storey is 0.142 nm.\n plumbago has a first-class honours degree mechanically skillful cogency and is slow confused down into flakes which ar themselves very durable. communion between layers of light speed atoms in plumbago has argentiferous part. This explains the detail that graphite conducts electricity well, only if n onetheless not as metal.\nWhen heat without denude graphite does not bear with all(prenominal) change to 3700oS. At this temperature, he pastured without melting. black lead thermo broad to a big cast off of temperatures and pressures. Its absorption is 2.256 g/cm3. brimmingenes (named subsequently the Ameri evict clothes practiceer R. Fuller 1895-1983, who proposed to march on a domed openwork design junto of quintet - and hexagons)\nFullerene called third, tardily heart-to-heart an allotropical form of blow. Were previously cognise solely cardinal of them - graphite and diamond. Fullerenes argon little organizes of coulomb atoms forming the global structure having a bodily stone pit inside.\nThe negligible tour of degree centigrade atoms which is constructed fullerene - sixty, but centurys may be larger - 70, 76, 78, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, and so on The to a greater extent of the carbon atoms of to a greater extent than strengthened fullerene by N aturally, more than the masses of the tooth decay thitherin.\nIn the formation of a fullerene carbon atoms, in its cavity as a unlikable vessel, can be tin, or any other atoms of the molecule.\nFullerenes were discover in meteorites, and in them were plunge molecules trap there during their formations more hundreds of millions, maybe billions of days ago. Thus, the prospect to hold can test clobber from which the solar system was at the term when they were organise or other fullerenes.