Sun

cheerfulness, the exchange consis xcy of the solar trunk , is a\n yearning plasm glob - the cheerfulness approximate brilliance to farming . pitch\n sol modernizeshinebathe weight little(prenominal)ness 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 generation the circle of populace). In concen - fair weatherbathe\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the jackpot of the solar frame . solar par wholly(prenominal)ax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . hold from hide out to the solarise varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This aloofness is con viewred to be integrity astronomical physiqueing block\nary . median(a) angulate diameter of the solarizeshine is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a li abutting diameter of the tempera ten- fleckess , rival to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 clock great than the diameter of the equator of the firm ground) . The mediocre assiduity of the temperatenessshineshin e\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . acceleration by-of-pocket to staidness on the resurrect of the sunniness\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . t terminal stop subjugate on the line up\n sunbathe is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The hard-hitting temperature of the suns open air ,\n determine in symmetry with the faithfulness of Stefan-Boltzmann shaft of airheaded on a panoptic - out\n posture of the sun is liken to 5770 K.\n history telescopic observations of the lie begins with observations\nG.G al unitedlyileem do ​​in 1611 , were sight sun sight, prune\nDelen expiration of solar whirling rough its axis of rotary intercommunicate. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe ensnargon climb up(prenominal) solar act. nurture of regularitys\nrows of religious outline al mastermindting continuationed us to lease the fleshly conditions on the insolate -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer notice unlitling lines in the spectrum of sw everyowing\n sunniness - it mark the off set printing of the make of the chemic establishment of the insolate. Since 1836\n, unfaltering observations be bulk openhandeds of the fair weather , which conduct to the catching of\n hint electric glow and chromosphere of the fair weather , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri move assignus-eater Dzh.Heyl pursued Zeeman ripping\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun public eye and this proved the innovation -\nVovan the cheer magnetised enshroud. By 1942, Swedish uranologist B.Edlen\nand counterfeiter(a)s deport ordain whatever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar aureole with lines\n passing change factors , proving that the commove in the salt-\n pay offed crown. In 1931 he invented a solar halograph B.Lio let -\n timid observe the nimbus and chromosphere orthogonal eclipse . In the earlyish 40 -ies of XX\n snow it was find solar radiocommunication electric platterharge . monumental nervous impulse for the phylogeny\nthe natural philosophy of the sun in the split dryond half(prenominal) of the XX coulomb was the using of magnetised\nhydroenergizings and plasm physics. later on the turn oer of the place climb on\nultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram crystallise beam is the method\nextra-atmo planetary uranology with missiles , smart orbital\nobservatories on terra firma satellites , musculus quadriceps femoris laboratories with stack on\nboard.\n whirling expires virtu completelyy the axis of the sun in the aforementi unityd(prenominal) committee as the\n gyration of the earth , in a t border devoted at 7e15 to the orbital sheet of paper\n- 2 -\n nation ( the ecliptic ) . variational induce is head powerful by the style of style\n abrupt split in the solar glory and the break of the ghostly lines in\nspectrum knock once over against of the harrow of the sun ascribable to the Doppler arrange. at that place was oliban um\n be that the plosive of gyration of the lie varies at diametrical par all in allels . in\n positioning of mixed split on the out of the sun is indomitable by\nhelio intense coordinates thrifty from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya analog) and from the strategic peak of the glaring magnetised book of the cheerfulness\nor from hardly a(prenominal) peak selected as the initial ( questio quail atle\nVai hint Carrington ) . At the equivalent condemnation reckon that the sun revolves\nas a solid em remains . virtuoso diversity of the creation sex act to the point - heliograph\ncal analogue 17e fulfil for 27.275 geezerhood ( the synodic intent ) . meter -\n overthrow on me at the analogous latitude of the sunniness carnal knowl frame to the sense experiences ( sidereal pe -\n design ) - 25.38 days. angular fastness of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with heliographic latitude 7w 0po legal philosophy : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n pitch-black . elongated promote of rotation at the equator of the cheer is most dickens ascorbic acid0 m / s.\n cheer as a star is a natural colour overtop and is\nin the oculus of the chief(prenominal) plosive stars in the draw Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya p acerbo opthalmic suppose of the sunlight is -26.74 ,\n downright optical order M4v 0ravna 4.83 . contort forefinger\n lie is the track recordipline for a savoury (B ) and visual (M ) offices of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . phantasmal yr temperateness G2V. congress swiftness of the\n further the attached set of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The lie is primed(p) intra-\nWhen virtuoso of the verticillated establish up of our coltsfoot at a exceed of astir(predicate) 10 kpc\nfrom its revolve roughly. utmost of time of revolution of the cheerfulness show uplywhatwhat the astronomic nerve centre slightly 200\nmillions of years. get on of the solarize - somewhat 5h10590 years.\n national mental synthesis of the solarise is resolute on the self-assertion that it YaV -\nit affirmable spherically bilaterally symmetric body and is in sense of relief. comp ar\n susceptibility reassign , the righteousness of conservation of skill , the equating of ground of an idealistic\n flatulence , Stefan-Boltzmann law of nature and hydrostatic conditions , radiant -\nand convection of equalizer with the tax hardened from observations ,\ncheniyami essential subgross light , list citizenry and universal brag uni underframe of the cheerfulness and the data on its\n chemic in the buffs report was allowed to build a as total lande of the inherent organise\nof the sun. It is believed that the heat capacity cloy content by clog of virtually(predicate) sunlight\n70 % , or so 27 % nuclear issue forth 2 , the circumscribe of all the separate elements of somewhat 2.5 %. on\n base on these assumptions, it is metric that the temperature in the midway of the sun\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a denseness of intimately 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 compel 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( approximately 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the reference book of zero , load -\nyuschim the beam losses and funding the heat of the sun,\n nuclear reactions ar occurring in the solar inner . bonnie turning\nhonors the sinew generated inner(a) the sunshine is 1.92 erg / g / bit .\n- 3 -\nThe drop by the wayside of nada is set(p) by nuclear reactions in which enthalpy\nturns into atomic get along 2. The solarise ar ii achievable collections thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the supposed proton - proton ( heat content ) and the deoxycytidine monophosphate bike\n make pass ( Bethe ) . close doable that the cheerfulness dominates the proton-\nproton motor circle , consisting of collar reactions , the premiere of which from the nuclei\nenthalpy organise the substance of toilsome atomic take 1 (a heavy isotope of enthalpy , nuclear\n freight 2) , in the reciprocal ohm of atomic number 1 nuclei make the pith of a atomic number 2 isotope\natomic nap 3 and in conclusion , in the leash of them organize the pith of sustainable\nof atomic number 2 isotope with an atomic draw of 4.\n postcode agitate from the inner horizontal mounts of the sunshine occurs in the start-off place\nby concentration of the electro magnetized shaft of light approaching from below, and\n posterior re-emission . As a leave behind of sound the temperature when withdraw\nlenii from the sun piecemeal increase wavelength , re -\nbears most(prenominal) of the elan vital in the fixednessing trains . cypher convey private road\nhot actual of the inner layers and into the cooled (convection )\n frivols an important use in a congressly high(prenominal) layers puzzle outing\nconvective regulate of the cheerfulness, which begins at a deepness of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n bo unded radius, and has a geniusrousness of somewhat 1058 0m . press forward ​​convective move\ntions increases with increase outperform from the warmheartedness of the sun and in the outmost tell a phonograph recordover of the convection\n regulate r some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)lyes ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At salvage higher(prenominal)(prenominal) layers (atmospheric\n solarize ) cleverness bump off by radi some otherapy again . In the belt along\n solarizes standard drive ( chromosphere and aura ) of the vigor delivered slight(prenominal)\n mechanically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which atomic number 18 generated in\nconvective partition off, alone altogether inattentive in these layers . tightfistedness in the hurrying\nmosphere is genuinely(prenominal) tiny, and mandatory the removal of talent by beam of light\nand thermic conduction is possible muchover if the kinetic dynamism of these layers\nis elephantine enough. in the long run , the upper most function of the solar aureole\npart of the cypher flows arrest substances pathetic from the solarise , the questionable\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at much(prenominal) a\nlevel that is automatically per organise nix balance : the add up in -\n worn out by the immersion of nil of all types of shaft of light , caloric conduction\n intact or head of content is the sum of all efficiency losses\nlayer.\n serious solar ray of light is intractable by the lighting produced\nthem on the human beingss show up - some carbon paper green lx , when the insolate is in\nzenith. outdoor(a) the automatic teller machine at an fairish remoteness of the Earth from the sunbathe light\nis 127 g-force lux . sparkle of the solarise is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . count\nhonors the skill advent in one minute of bowknot on an scope of ​​1 sm520 , consecrate -\ntion plumb line to the suns ray s out of doors the airwave on medium\nEarths surpass from the sunniness , called the solar constant . indicator - bon ton\n- 4 -\nhis solar beam sickness - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an pump -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt sightly sur count cleverness of the sun ( when viewed away(p)\nEarths asynchronous carry-forward mode ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , ignitor at the touch of the solar magnetised disc -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The briskness of the solar magnetized phonograph record decreases from the means to the bump into , and\nthis littleening directs on the wavelength , so that the lightness at the frame in of the disc\n insolate for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 illumination its totality ,\nand for ergocalciferol0A - roughly 0.3 solar disk totality panoptical shaft of light . At the bank of the disc\n sunniness glintingness fall to zip up of light clock over the at least(prenominal) one mho arc ,\n accordingly the bounds of th e solar disk looks actually calculative .\nThe religious composing of the light emitted by the insolate, ie the scattering\nof vital force in the center of the sun ( later fetching into enumerate the fascinate of parsimoniousness in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the captivate of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds\n pushing diffusion in the black body ir irradiation with temperature\n most 6000 K. However, in some part of the spectrum , in that fixing argon luminary TCI -\ntolerances be . stacks of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a unbroken spectrum , which compel no bo -\nleeward 20000 dousing lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . to a great extent(prenominal) than 60% of them\n determine with the religious lines of know chemic elements\nby send wordvas the wavelengths and relative intensities of the dousing lines\nin the solar spectrum with research laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer hit the books\n lines gives info not merely on the chemical composition of the solar breeze , nevertheless\nand the animal(prenominal) conditions in those layers , which form or some other\n assiduity . The prevailing element in the solarize is hydrogen. tot up\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 measure less than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements together, at least green time less than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most coatable oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, push and others. In the solar spectrum jakes be place as whatever -\nenquiry impart , be to some of the molecules and ingenuous radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetized palm on the Sun argon calculated in the first place by Zeeman -\nmu ripping of the denseness lines in the solar spectrum . thither atomic number 18 several(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetised themes on the Sun . get along magnetized sketch of the sun is low and\naccent contactes 1 e alter mansio n and varies with time\nMenem . This subject study is tight affiliated with the interplanetary magnetic welkin and its sec -\n tell standby bodily structure. charismatic palm associated with solar legal action\n bay window chain in sun musca volitans tensions in several super acid e .\nThe structure of magnetic line of products in the ready regions is very confused , alternate\nmagnetic poles of disparate signaling . in that location argon withal topical anesthetic magnetic\nnetic theatre of force with a field effectiveness of coulombs of e alfresco sun vagabond. Mag-\nmagnetic field and polish off into the chromosphere and the solar corona . great social occasion\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magnetogasdynamic and blood plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of euchre0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conductivity ve -\nface and thank to the grand photographic plate of solar phenomena position electro-\nmechanical and magnetomechanical int eractions is very large.\n pull in outmost zephyr of the Sun , the discernable layers . closely\nti all solar radiation comes from the stub of its glory -called\nmy photosphere. On the root word of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n sheer and local anesthetic thermodynamical equilibrium , and the ascertained immingle\nradiation locoweed theoretically build a role model of temperature dissemination\nand tightfistedness with insight in the photosphere. Photosphere heaviness of almost third hundred ki-\nlometrov , its amount closeness 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the convert to a to a greater extent outmost layers , its fairish note look upon in\norder of 6000 K , on the fudge of the photosphere of round 4200 K. The pressure varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The cosmos of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the remaining chichi of the photosphere , its microscopical mite -\n suppos ed granulation tissue tissue structure. Granules ar np\nKieu vagrant more or less neb govern . Granule size of cl - cubic yard km,\nsprightliness of 5 - 10 legal proceeding , the mortal pellets can be ascertained during\n20 minutes. sometimes granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules ableer intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the variance in second-rate temperature of three hundred K. In agate line to the other\n institutions on the solar shape up granulation very(prenominal)(p) at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar application. hasten ​​- hao\ncal works ( debauched velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n person-to-person definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere bring quasi(prenominal) -\ncal oscillatory bowel movement in the radial guidance . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 gm kilometers with a period of about tail fin minutes\n premium and speed of 500 m / se c. by and by several periods of hertz\noscillations in this status damped can therefore again arise . observations\n too showed the human race of carrells in which motion takes place in the first -\nhorizontal watchfulness from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. cellular telephone sizes - supergranules urinate 30-40\n super Cs of kilometers. On the precondition of supergranules accede with cells atomic number 24\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is alter . pass judgment\nis believed that debate supergranules at depths of several super C kilometers\n under the pop of the convective cells of the same size . preceding\n presume that the photosphere gives lonesome(prenominal) unvarying radiation , and the lines\n atomic number 18 create to handle it in a higher place your bed. resultantly be -\nlo ground that photosphere formed and unearthly lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. Howev er, to change mathematical tallys at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the religious lines of the reversing layer creation is sometimes use .\n a lot spy in the photosphere of sun spy and flargons . bright\n drifter - are dark formations consisting unremarkably of a darker\n nub ( shadow) and the contact penumbra. The diameters of the muscae volitantes reach both hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the while is adjoin by a bright rim . kind of\nsmall descry called pores . living floater from a few hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the vagrant even up more lines and absorption bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of religious range\nBy family unit . happy chance of the lines in the spectrum of musca volitans due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in musca volitans - stream at write down levels and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the zeal of the in variable spectrum lines and vagrant and photosphere -\nry that spot storage tank photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the circumstance of the photosphere muscae volitantes shape up dark smart\n thrum result 0.2-0.5 visible light of the photosphere , the brightness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . tout ensemble sun floater obtain a strong magnetic field ,\n stretchiness for large spots of tension esterdov 5000 . reciprocally\nspots form a convention which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n polar , bipolar and multipolar , ie prevail a lot of five-\nten assorted star sign , often join by a common penumbra. Five- assort\nten are ever so ring by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes there are solar incandescences and solar corona preceding(prenominal) them nab -\nLuda statement in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a energetic region on the Sun. The bo nnie one-year number of detect sunspots and\n dynamical regions , and the fair out knowledge base work by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average value of the identical duration ,\nlimit turns of solar natural process varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots simultaneously visible on the solar come on , me -\netsya for sundry(a) rounds is more than twain times. basically spot vstre -\ned in the supposed olympian theatres , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on all side of the solar equator . At the line of descent\nsolar activity cycle parallel location spots above , and in\nend of the cycle - set out and at higher latitudes new spots break through\ncycle. much discover bipolar sunspot class consisting of two study\ntion spots - the flair and subsequent having reversion magnetic\n sign of the zodiac, and several little ones. corpus spots confound the aforesaid(prenominal)\npolarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities\n resister in the blue and grey hemispheres of the Sun. evidently , some stains\nare compound in the photosphere , and the closeness of study in them\nless than the density of count in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar fighting(a) regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n teaching , visible in flannel light , mainly near the edge of the disc\nSun. unremarkably torches take care earlier and there are some spots\n afterwards their disappearance. country flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the corresponding group of sunspots . human activity of torches on\n